neco 2025 islamic_religious_studies | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
Surah Al‑Fatiha is the opening chapter of the Qur'an and is recited in every unit of the Muslim prayer.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the three main themes presented in Surah Al‑Fatiha and briefly explain how each theme is expressed in the verses.
(b)
The classical commentator Ibn Kathir provides an explanation for the verse “Guide us to the straight path”. Summarise his explanation in no more than three sentences and indicate how this explanation connects the concept of guidance with the believers’ worship.
(c)
Considering the themes identified in part (a), discuss how the recitation of Surah Al‑Fatiha at the start of each prayer reinforces a Muslim’s spiritual objectives. Provide two specific ways.
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Question 2 View Details
The hadith collections Sahih al‑Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud are among the most widely studied books of Prophetic traditions.
Question Parts
(a)
Explain the criteria used by Imam Bukhari to assess the authenticity of a hadith, and illustrate each criterion with a brief hypothetical example.
(b)
Compare the methodological approach of Sahih al‑Bukhari with that of Sunan Abu Dawud in terms of (i) the selection of narrators and (ii) the organization of chapters. Highlight two key differences.
(c)
A contemporary Muslim scholar cites a hadith from Sunan Abu Dawud concerning the importance of intention (niyyah). Using the principles discussed in part (a), evaluate whether this hadith would be classified as authentic (sahih), weak (da‘if), or fabricated (mawdu‘), and justify your evaluation.
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Question 3 View Details
Tawhid, the doctrine of the Oneness of Allah, is the cornerstone of Islamic belief. Answer the following questions in detail.
Question Parts
(a)
Define Tawhid and explain why it is considered the foundation of the Islamic faith.
(b)
Identify and describe the three categories of Tawhid, giving one authentic example (Qur'an or Sunnah) for each.
(c)
Analyse how belief in Tawhid influences the daily conduct of a Muslim.
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Question 4 View Details
The Articles of Faith (Iman) form the basis of a Muslim's belief system. Respond to the following prompts.
Question Parts
(a)
List the six Articles of Faith in Islam.
(b)
For each article, give a brief explanation and cite one Qur'anic verse or Prophetic tradition that supports it.
(c)
Explain how belief in these six articles shapes a Muslim's worldview, particularly regarding life after death and moral responsibility.
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Question 5 View Details
The Five Pillars of Islam constitute the core acts of worship (Ibadah) for Muslims. In the context of personal and communal life, discuss their significance.
Question Parts
(a)
Explain the spiritual objectives of each of the five pillars: Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj.
(b)
Analyse how the regular performance of these pillars contributes to the moral development of an individual Muslim.
(c)
Evaluate the role of communal worship in strengthening the Ummah, citing at least two of the pillars as examples.
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Question 6 View Details
Shariah law has evolved through various sources and historical processes. Discuss the development of Shariah, highlighting the primary sources and the role of scholarly interpretation.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify and briefly describe the four primary sources of Shariah.
(b)
Explain how the concept of Ijtihad has influenced the development of Islamic law from the early Islamic period to the modern era.
(c)
Critically assess the impact of cultural and regional contexts on the application of Shariah in at least two different Muslim-majority societies.
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Question 7 View Details
Umar and Aisha intend to marry. Their families have agreed on a mahr, but there are concerns about the proper procedures for the marriage contract and the possible ways the marriage may be dissolved in the future.
Question Parts
(a)
State the three essential conditions that must be fulfilled for a nikah (Islamic marriage) to be valid, and briefly explain the purpose of each condition.
(b)
Outline the principal rights and obligations of both husband and wife concerning mahr, maintenance (nafaqah), and inheritance.
(c)
Compare the procedures and legal consequences of (i) talaq (revocable divorce initiated by the husband) and (ii) khul' (divorce initiated by the wife). Include the role of the court, if any, in each case.
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Question 8 View Details
A trader, Bilal, sells a used car to a buyer, Zain, on an installment basis. The contract states that if Zain fails to pay any installment on time, he must pay an additional 5 % interest on the overdue amount. Separately, a shopkeeper, Fatima, sells a kilogram of rice but deliberately uses a false weight that gives the buyer only 800 g of rice while charging for a full kilogram.
Question Parts
(a)
Analyse whether Bilal’s installment sale with an interest clause is permissible under Islamic commercial law. Cite the underlying principle that governs the ruling.
(b)
Identify the category of punishment that may be applied to Fatima for deliberately cheating the buyer with a false weight, and mention the primary source (Qur’an or Hadith) that supports this ruling.
(c)
If Zain wishes to obtain restitution for the unlawful interest charged, outline the legal remedies available to him under Shariah law.
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