Neco 2023 Islamic Religious Studies Question 19

A patient requires a kidney transplant. Contemporary Islamic jurisprudence permits transplantation only if (i) the donor is a living relative, (ii) no commercial transaction is involved, and (iii) the donor's life is not endangered. Three potential donors are offered:\n\n- Donor A: the patient's brother, healthy, no surgical risk.\n- Donor B: the patient's cousin, who has mild hypertension that raises the surgical risk by 5\% percentage points.\n- Donor C: an unrelated paid donor, who charges ₦500,000.\n\nThe success probabilities and costs are:\n\n- Brother: success probability 95\%, cost ₦0.\n- Cousin: base success probability 95\%, reduced by 5\% due to health risk, cost ₦200,000.\n- Unrelated donor: success probability 80\%, cost ₦500,000, plus a religious penalty of ₦10,000 for a commercial transaction.\n\nCalculate the expected monetary cost per successful transplant for each donor (cost divided by success probability). Then, based on the permissibility criteria, indicate which donor(s) the patient may ethically choose.