neco 2018 geography | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
The map below shows three towns A, B and C, a river labelled River X and the roads that connect the towns. The scale bar on the map is 5 cm long and represents 20 km. Each grid square on the map measures 1 cm by 1 cm.
Question Parts
(a)
Determine the straight‑line distance between Town A and Town C in kilometres.
(b)
A traveller moves from Town A to Town B and then from Town B to Town C along the roads shown. Calculate the total distance travelled in kilometres.
(c)
River X runs east–west across the map at the grid line y = 5. From Town A, what is the bearing to the point on the river that is closest to the town?
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Question 2 View Details
The map below depicts Town D, Town E and a rectangular park. The scale bar is 2 cm long and represents 10 km, so 1 cm on the map equals 5 km. Each grid square measures 1 cm by 1 cm.
Question Parts
(a)
The distance between Town D (grid 3,4) and Town E (grid 9,9) measured on the map is 7.2 cm. Calculate the actual distance between the two towns in kilometres.
(b)
Express the scale of the map as a representative fraction (ratio).
(c)
The park is a rectangle whose corners are at grid points (4,5), (4,8), (7,8) and (7,5). Find the actual area of the park in square kilometres.
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Question 3 View Details
The geographical coordinates of two Nigerian cities are given as follows: - Lagos: 6°27' N, 3°23' E - Abuja: 9°02' N, 7°29' E Using the approximations: - 1° of latitude = 111 km - Length of 1° of longitude at latitude \(\phi\) = 111 km \(\times\) cos \(\phi\) Estimate the straight‑line distance between Lagos and Abuja. Show all steps of your calculation.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the north‑south (latitude) component of the distance.
(b)
Calculate the east‑west (longitude) component of the distance, using an appropriate mean latitude for the cosine factor.
(c)
Combine the two components to obtain the straight‑line distance between the two cities.
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Question 4 View Details
A weather chart for the region shows a low‑pressure centre at 30° N, 10° E. The isobars surrounding the centre are spaced 100 km apart, each representing a pressure increase of 4 hPa. The central pressure of the low is 1000 hPa. Answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Determine the radius (in kilometres) from the centre at which the pressure is 1008 hPa.
(b)
State the direction of the wind around the low‑pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere and give a brief explanation.
(c)
Describe the type of weather that is most likely to be experienced in the area surrounding the low‑pressure centre.
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Question 5 View Details
The table below shows the average annual rainfall (in millimetres) and the average annual temperature (in degrees Celsius) for three Nigerian cities. | City | Avg. Annual Rainfall (mm) | Avg. Annual Temperature (°C) | |-------------|--------------------------|------------------------------| | Lagos | 1,500 | 27.0 | | Jos | 1,200 | 20.5 | | Maiduguri | 350 | 31.0 | Using this information, answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the Köppen climate classification for each city and justify your choice with reference to the data provided.
(b)
Explain how altitude influences the climate of Jos compared with Lagos.
(c)
Discuss two impacts of Maiduguri’s climate on agricultural practices in the region.
(d)
A new town is to be established at an altitude of about 800 m near Lagos. Predict the likely climate characteristics of this town and recommend two suitable crops for the area.
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Question 6 View Details
A field geologist collected three rock samples from different geological settings in Nigeria. The observations recorded for each sample are as follows: **Sample A** – Collected from the basement complex in the north‑central region. It is hard, coarse‑grained, shows foliation, and reacts weakly to dilute hydrochloric acid. **Sample B** – Collected from the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. It is soft, fine‑grained, feels gritty, contains visible shell fragments, and effervesces vigorously when a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid are applied. **Sample C** – Collected from the volcanic plateau of the Jos Plateau. It is dense, fine‑grained, dark‑coloured, magnetic, and contains phenocrysts of feldspar. Answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the rock type (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) for each sample and give a brief justification based on the observations.
(b)
Explain the formation process of the rock type identified for Sample B, including the depositional environment and any post‑depositional changes that may occur.
(c)
Discuss two economic uses of the rock type represented by Sample C in Nigeria.
(d)
Using the rock cycle, describe how Sample A could be transformed into a sedimentary rock over geological time.
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Question 7 View Details
A region in the northern part of Nigeria is characterised by a gently undulating plateau cut by a series of steep-sided isolated hills and a series of flat‑topped ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction. The plateau is composed mainly of Precambrian granitic rocks, while the ridges consist of resistant sandstone layers that have been tilted by tectonic forces. The isolated hills, locally known as inselbergs, rise abruptly from the surrounding plain. Answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify two major landforms described in the passage and explain the geological processes that led to their formation.
(b)
Discuss how the identified landforms influence the pattern of human settlement and agricultural practices in the region.
(c)
Evaluate two positive and two negative impacts of these landforms on the socio‑economic development of the area.
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Question 8 View Details
A river basin in the southwestern part of Nigeria has the following characteristics: - Catchment area: 250 km² - Mean annual rainfall: 1500 mm - Design storm rainfall intensity for a 10‑year return period: 80 mm h⁻¹ (assumed constant over the storm duration) - Runoff coefficient (C): 0.45 (reflecting mixed land use) - The river exhibits a trellis drainage pattern, flowing through alternating bands of resistant sandstone and softer shale. Answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Using the rational method, calculate the design peak discharge (in m³ s⁻¹) for the basin. Show all steps, including any unit conversions required.
(b)
Explain why the basin displays a trellis drainage pattern, linking the pattern to the underlying geology and topography described above.
(c)
Propose two engineering measures that could be implemented to reduce flood risk in the basin, taking into account the calculated peak discharge and the trellis drainage pattern.
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