Gce Model Questions Vol1 2022 Biology Question 4

Practice essay / theory question 4 from the 2022 Gce Model Questions Vol1 Biology examination. This question covers respiration, human anatomy, gas exchange, physiological adaptation .

Gce Model Questions Vol1 2022 Biology Essay / Theory
Topics: respiration human anatomy gas exchange physiological adaptation
Question 4 GCE_MODEL_QUESTIONS_VOL1 • 2022 • BIOLOGY • essay
Gce Model Questions Vol1 2022 Biology Question 4 diagram

The diagram shows the major structures of the human respiratory system.

Question Parts

( a )
Describe the complete pathway that a breath of air follows from the external environment to the alveoli, stating the function of each structure shown in the diagram.
( b )
Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, referring to partial pressure gradients and the structure of the alveolar‑capillary membrane.
( c )
A healthy adult moves from sea level (atmospheric pressure 760 mm Hg) to a high‑altitude region where the atmospheric pressure is 560 mm Hg. Using the simplified alveolar gas equation PO₂ = FiO₂ (Patm – PH₂O) – PaCO₂ / R, where FiO₂ = 0.21, PH₂O = 47 mm Hg, PaCO₂ = 40 mm Hg and R = 0.8, estimate the new alveolar PO₂. Then discuss two physiological adjustments that help maintain oxygen delivery to tissues at this altitude.
( d )
Compare aerobic respiration in skeletal muscle at rest with that during intense exercise, focusing on mitochondrial activity, oxygen utilisation and the main metabolic by‑products.

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About This Question

This is Gce Model Questions Vol1 2022 Biology Question 4. It is one of the essay questions from the 2022 Gce Model Questions Vol1 Biology examination.

The question covers respiration, human anatomy, gas exchange, physiological adaptation .

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