Practice waec model questions vol1 government 2023 Past Questions

Question 1 View Details

The constitution of a fictional country lists a total of 12 distinct powers. Of these, 5 are exclusive to the Legislature, 4 are exclusive to the Executive, and 3 are exclusive to the Judiciary. In addition, there are 6 concurrent powers that may be exercised by any of the three branches. A constitutional amendment is proposed that transfers 2 of the exclusive Legislative powers to the Executive. After the amendment is adopted, which branch holds the greatest number of exclusive powers?

A. Legislature

B. Judiciary

Correct C. Executive

D. All three branches

Correct Answer: C

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Question 2 View Details

In a bicameral legislature, a bill must obtain a simple majority in the Lower House and a two‑thirds majority in the Upper House to become law. The Lower House has 150 members; 90 vote ‘yes', 45 vote ‘no' and 15 abstain. The Upper House has 60 members; 30 vote ‘yes', 20 vote ‘no' and 10 abstain. Does the bill become law?

A. Yes, because the Upper House met the two‑thirds requirement.

B. Yes, the bill becomes law.

Correct C. No, the bill does not become law.

D. No, because the Lower House did not reach a simple majority.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 3 View Details

A constitution provides that a national referendum is valid only if (i) at least 40 % of registered voters turn out, and (ii) the ‘Yes' votes constitute at least 55 % of the votes cast. In a recent referendum, 1 200 000 voters were registered. Of these, 480 000 voted, of which 260 000 voted ‘Yes'. Determine whether the referendum is valid and, if so, whether it is approved.

A. The referendum is valid and approved (the ‘Yes' votes exceed 55 %).

B. The referendum is not valid (turnout is below the required 40 %).

C. The referendum is valid but not approved (turnout meets 40 % but ‘Yes' votes are below 55 %).

Correct D. The referendum is not valid (the ‘Yes' votes are below the required 55 %).

Correct Answer: D

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Question 4 View Details

In 2022, 2 500 000 citizens were registered to vote in a country whose adult population is 3 000 000. The following year, voter registration increased by 8 %. What percentage of the adult population is registered to vote after the increase?

A. 84 %

B. 92 %

Correct C. 90 %

D. 88 %

Correct Answer: C

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Question 5 View Details

A parliament has 12 seats. Four of these seats have already been filled through constituency elections: Party X won 2 seats, Party Y won 1 seat and Party Z won 1 seat. The remaining 8 seats are to be allocated proportionally using the D'Hondt method based on the total votes each party received nationwide: Party X - 500 000 votes, Party Y - 300 000 votes, Party Z - 210 000 votes. Allocate the 8 list seats and state the final total number of seats each party holds after the allocation.

A. Party X - 5 seats; Party Y - 5 seats; Party Z - 2 seats

B. Party X - 7 seats; Party Y - 3 seats; Party Z - 2 seats

Correct C. Party X - 6 seats; Party Y - 4 seats; Party Z - 2 seats

D. Party X - 6 seats; Party Y - 3 seats; Party Z - 3 seats

Correct Answer: C

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Question 6 View Details

Nigeria aims to raise its trade surplus with Country X from the current ₦200 million to a target that is 22.5 % higher next year. The plan includes three measures: (i) increase export earnings by a certain percent, (ii) reduce import expenditures by a certain percent, and (iii) a negotiated trade agreement that will add a fixed ₦30 million to export revenue. The percentage increase in exports is to be exactly twice the percentage reduction in imports. Currently, exports constitute 60 % of total trade (exports + imports). What percentage increase in exports is required (to two decimal places)?

A. 1.68%

Correct B. 1.88%

C. 2.20%

D. 2.05%

Correct Answer: B

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Question 7 View Details

Judicial independence is assessed using three criteria: security of tenure, financial autonomy, and the appointment process. Each criterion is scored out of 10. The overall independence index is a weighted average with weights 0.4, 0.35 and 0.25 respectively. If the overall index is 7.2, the scores for security of tenure and financial autonomy differ by 1.5 points (security of tenure is higher), and the average of the three scores is 7.0, what is the score for the appointment process?

A. 4.9

B. 5.0

C. 6.3

Correct D. 5.7

Correct Answer: D

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Question 8 View Details

A local government council's total revenue for the year is ₦12 000 000, derived from three sources: property rates, market levy and federal allocation. Property rates are fixed at 40 % of total revenue. The market levy is exactly twice the federal allocation. The council intends to allocate 55 % of total revenue to infrastructure, 30 % to social services and the remainder to administration, but a new state law caps the administration allocation at ₦1 500 000. Any amount above the cap is transferred to the infrastructure allocation. How much money is finally allocated to infrastructure?

Correct A. ₦6,900,000

B. ₦6,300,000

C. ₦7,200,000

D. ₦6,600,000

Correct Answer: A

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Question 9 View Details

The President may (i) appoint a minister with Senate approval, or (ii) appoint an acting minister without Senate approval for a maximum of 90 days. Five ministerial vacancies exist and the Senate is in recess for 60 days. What is the minimum number of acting appointments the President must make to ensure that all five posts are filled within the constitutional limits?

Correct A. 5

B. 4

C. 3

D. 6

Correct Answer: A

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Question 10 View Details

In a regional economic community, each member state's voting weight equals its GDP. The seven members have GDPs (in billions USD): A = 300, B = 150, C = 120, D = 90, E = 60, F = 45, G = 35. A resolution needs at least 55 % of the total voting weight to pass. If states A, D and F vote in favour, which additional state(s) must also vote in favour to meet the threshold with the smallest possible number of extra states?

Correct A. G

B. C

C. E

D. B

Correct Answer: A

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Question 11 View Details

The National Assembly has a total of seats distributed among five political parties as follows: Party A - 45 seats, Party B - 30 seats, Party C - 20 seats, Party D - 15 seats, and Party E - 10 seats. A majority requires more than half of the total seats. What is the minimum number of parties that can combine to achieve a majority, and give one possible combination of parties that meets this requirement.

Correct A. 2 parties (Party A and Party B)

B. 3 parties (Party B, Party C and Party D)

C. 1 party (Party A)

D. 2 parties (Party A and Party D)

Correct Answer: A

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Question 12 View Details

State one principal function of the executive branch of government.

A. Interpreting the constitution

B. Collecting taxes

Correct C. Implementing and enforcing laws

D. Negotiating international treaties

Correct Answer: C

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Question 13 View Details

In a democratic country, the Constitution requires that any amendment must be passed by a two‑thirds majority in both houses of the National Assembly and then be approved by a national referendum where at least 50 % of registered voters must participate, and a simple majority of those who vote must be in favour. In a recent amendment, the two houses recorded votes of 120 out of 180 members in the lower house and 80 out of 120 members in the upper house in favour. The referendum had a turnout of 48 % of the 10 million registered voters, and 55 % of those who voted were in favour. Did the amendment satisfy the constitutional requirements? Explain.

Correct A. No; the referendum turnout of 48 % is below the required 50 % participation.

B. No; the lower house vote of 120 out of 180 members is only a two‑thirds majority of 66.7 %, which falls short of the required two‑thirds.

C. Yes; the referendum achieved a simple majority of 55 % in favour, satisfying the constitutional requirement.

D. No; the amendment failed to achieve the required two‑thirds majority in the upper house.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 14 View Details

What term is used to describe the right of citizens to vote in elections?

A. Franchise

B. Electorate

Correct C. Suffrage

D. Balloting

Correct Answer: C

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Question 15 View Details

In a parliament, the seat shares of five parties are: Party A 40 %, Party B 25 %, Party C 15 %, Party D 12 %, and Party E 8 %. Using the Laakso‑Taagepera effective number of parties index \(N = \frac{1}{\sum p_i^{2}}\) where \(p_i\) is the proportion of seats of party \(i\), calculate the effective number of parties to two decimal places.

A. 5.00

Correct B. 3.76

C. 4.12

D. 3.45

Correct Answer: B

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Question 16 View Details

Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in a state have populations of 120,000; 85,000; and 45,000 respectively. Each ward must represent no more than 30,000 people, and every LGA must contain at least one ward. The state allocates a development grant of ₦2,000,000 per ward, but the total grant available is only ₦12,000,000. What is the minimum additional amount the state must allocate beyond the current ₦12,000,000 to satisfy the representation requirement?

A. ₦10,000,000

B. ₦8,000,000

Correct C. ₦6,000,000

D. ₦4,000,000

Correct Answer: C

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Question 17 View Details

Two pressure groups operate in Nigeria. Group A has 15,000 members each paying an annual due of ₦2,500 and receives a grant of ₦3,000,000 from an NGO. Group B has 8,000 members each paying an annual due of ₦5,000 and receives a grant of ₦1,500,000. The Effectiveness Index (EI) of a group is defined as EI = (total annual resources) × log₁₀(membership). Which group has the higher EI and by what factor (rounded to two decimal places) does its EI exceed the other's?

A. Group B; 0.96

B. Group B; 1.04

C. Group A; 1.20

Correct D. Group A; 1.04

Correct Answer: D

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Question 18 View Details

The President of Nigeria is temporarily unable to perform his duties for 12 consecutive days. The Vice President is abroad for the first 4 days of this period, while the Senate President is on leave for days 5 to 7. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is available throughout. According to the constitutional line of succession, determine how many days each of the following officials will serve as Acting President: (i) Vice President, (ii) Senate President, (iii) Speaker of the House.

Correct A. Vice President 8 days; Senate President 4 days; Speaker 0 days

B. Vice President 4 days; Senate President 8 days; Speaker 0 days

C. Vice President 8 days; Senate President 0 days; Speaker 4 days

D. Vice President 12 days; Senate President 0 days; Speaker 0 days

Correct Answer: A

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Question 19 View Details

According to the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, what is the minimum age required for a person to be elected as a Senator?

A. 30 years

B. 45 years

Correct C. 35 years

D. 40 years

Correct Answer: C

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Question 20 View Details

Since independence, Nigeria has adopted the following constitutions that were actually put into force: the 1960 Independence Constitution, the 1963 Republican Constitution, the 1979 Constitution, and the 1999 Constitution (current). The 1993 Constitution was adopted but never fully implemented and should be excluded. Calculate the average duration (in years, rounded to one decimal place) that each of the implemented constitutions remained in effect up to 31 December 2023, and state whether the analyst's claim that this average is less than 12 years is true or false.

A. 12.3 years; true

Correct B. 11.0 years; true

C. 9.8 years; false

D. 10.5 years; false

Correct Answer: B

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Question 21 View Details

If a constituency has 120,000 registered voters and the voter turnout was 45%, how many voters actually cast their votes?

A. 45000

Correct B. 54000

C. 540000

D. 5400

Correct Answer: B

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Question 22 View Details

In Nigeria, a law is challenged on the ground that it violates the fundamental right to freedom of expression. The High Court declares the law unconstitutional, the Court of Appeal upholds that decision, and the government now seeks a final ruling from the Supreme Court. Assuming the Supreme Court follows the doctrine of precedent, what is the likely outcome regarding the law and why?

Correct A. The Supreme Court will most likely uphold the lower courts' decisions and declare the law unconstitutional, because it is bound by the doctrine of precedent and there is no compelling reason to reverse the judgment.

B. The Supreme Court could affirm the law's constitutionality, arguing that freedom of expression is not absolute and the statute serves a legitimate public interest.

C. The Supreme Court will likely remand the case for a fresh hearing, citing procedural errors in the lower courts' decisions.

D. The Supreme Court may reverse the lower courts' rulings and uphold the law, as it is not strictly bound by precedent in constitutional matters.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 23 View Details

A local government council allocated ₦12 million to Project X, ₦8 million to Project Y and ₦5 million to Project Z. At the end of the year the actual expenditures were ₦10.5 million, ₦7.2 million and ₦4.8 million respectively. An independent audit gave performance scores (out of 100) of 78 for X, 85 for Y and 92 for Z. The council wishes to allocate an additional ₦3 million for the next year, distributing it proportionally to the projects' performance efficiency defined as (performance score ÷ actual expenditure in millions). How much should each project receive from the additional fund? Express your answers in millions of naira to three decimal places.

A. Project X: 0.581 million, Project Y: 1.497 million, Project Z: 0.922 million

B. Project X: 1.400 million, Project Y: 0.960 million, Project Z: 0.640 million

Correct C. Project X: 0.581 million, Project Y: 0.922 million, Project Z: 1.497 million

D. Project X: 0.918 million, Project Y: 1.000 million, Project Z: 1.082 million

Correct Answer: C

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Question 24 View Details

In a state, the police arrested two individuals for the same alleged offence. Person A was detained for 48 hours before being charged, while Person B was released after 12 hours without charge. Both were later found not guilty. Which principle(s) of the rule of law were breached in the treatment of Person A and Person B, and why?

A. Only the principle of protection against arbitrary detention (Person A's 48‑hour detention without charge) was breached.

B. The principle of presumption of innocence was breached due to the arrests.

Correct C. Both the principle of protection against arbitrary detention (Person A's 48‑hour detention without charge) and the principle of equality before the law (different procedural treatment of Persons A and B) were breached.

D. Only the principle of equality before the law (different procedural treatment of Persons A and B) was breached.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 25 View Details

Which of the three main functions of government - legislative, executive or judicial - would primarily be responsible for implementing a nationwide vaccination programme, and what is the reason for this assignment?

A. Legislative; it allocates the budget for vaccination programmes.

Correct B. Executive; it implements policies such as vaccination programmes.

C. Legislative; it creates laws such as vaccination mandates.

D. Judicial; it interprets and enforces health policies through court rulings.

Correct Answer: B

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