waec model questions vol1 2018 agricultural_science | Practical

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Question 1 View Details
A field of mixed crops is being surveyed for biodiversity using a 1 m² quadrat method. Five quadrats were sampled and the total number of individuals of each plant species recorded as follows: | Species | Total individuals (across 5 quadrats) | |---------|----------------------------------------| | X | 40 | | Y | 35 | | Z | 25 | Using the data above, answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) for the sampled area and state what the value indicates about the biodiversity of the field.
(b)
Suggest two practical management measures that could be adopted to improve the biodiversity of the field.
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Question 2 View Details
A soil sample from a cultivated field was analysed for its moisture‑retention characteristics. The bulk density of the soil is 1.4 g cm⁻³. The gravimetric moisture contents obtained are: - At field capacity (soil water tension ≈ 33 kPa): 0.28 g water g⁻¹ dry soil - At wilting point (soil water tension ≈ 1500 kPa): 0.12 g water g⁻¹ dry soil The depth of the root zone in the field is 30 cm. Using the data above, answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Convert the given gravimetric moisture contents to volumetric water contents (θ) for field capacity and wilting point.
(b)
Determine the Available Water Holding Capacity (AWHC) of the soil in the 30 cm root zone, expressed in millimetres of water per unit area.
(c)
Identify two possible sources of error in the gravimetric moisture determination and suggest one way to minimise each error.
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Question 3 View Details
A farmer is using a hand hoe that operates as a class‑2 lever. The total length of the handle is 120 cm. The fulcrum (pivot point) is situated 30 cm from the blade (load point). The farmer applies the effort at the extreme end of the handle.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) of the hoe.
(b)
If the farmer needs to lift a load of 150 N using the hoe, determine the minimum effort force required, ignoring friction.
(c)
Identify two possible sources of error that could cause the actual effort required to differ from the calculated value, and suggest one practical way to reduce each error.
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Question 4 View Details
A small diesel‑engine tractor is employed for primary tillage on a 5‑hectare farm. The tractor pulls a 2‑point plough with a total working width of 2.4 m. It is driven at a forward speed of 5 km h⁻¹ and the field efficiency is estimated at 75 %. The tractor’s fuel consumption at this load is 5 L h⁻¹. Diesel costs ₦180 per litre.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the theoretical field capacity (ha h⁻¹) of the tractor using the formula: Capacity = (Width (m) × Speed (km h⁻¹) × Field Efficiency) ÷ 10.
(b)
Determine the total time (in hours) required to till the entire 5‑ha field, assuming the calculated capacity is maintained throughout.
(c)
Calculate the total volume of diesel fuel required for the operation and the corresponding cost in naira.
(d)
i) List two advantages of using this tractor for tillage compared with animal‑drawn ploughing.\nii) List two disadvantages.\niii) Recommend one routine maintenance practice that can improve the tractor’s fuel efficiency, and briefly explain how it helps.
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