Practice waec model questions vol1 civic_education 2017 Past Questions

Question 1 View Details

In a democratic country, a local council passes a by‑law that bans all public gatherings of more than 10 people unless prior approval is obtained from the council chairman. The by‑law is challenged in court. Which statement best explains why this by‑law is inconsistent with the rule‑of‑law principle of legal certainty?

Correct A. It grants the council chairman unfettered discretion to permit or prohibit gatherings, making the rule vague and unpredictable, which breaches the principle of legal certainty.

B. It allows the council to set arbitrary attendance limits without clear criteria, violating the principle of legal certainty.

C. It delegates the decision‑making power to an undefined administrative body, making the rule ambiguous and unpredictable.

D. It imposes a blanket prohibition that lacks a clear legal standard, thereby breaching the certainty required by the rule‑of‑law.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 2 View Details

A driver commits three offences within a 12‑month period: (i) speeding 20 % over the limit (3 penalty points), (ii) running a red light (4 points), and (iii) using a mobile phone while driving (2 points). The traffic code states: - 12 or more points → licence suspended for 6 months; - 8-11 points → suspension for 3 months; - fewer than 8 points → warning. Additionally, any "serious offence" (the red‑light offence is classified as serious) combined with a total exceeding 6 points triggers an automatic 6‑month suspension regardless of the total. What is the duration of the driver's licence suspension?

A. 0 months

B. 3 months

Correct C. 6 months

D. 12 months

Correct Answer: C

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Question 3 View Details

Three ethnic groups - A, B and C - are negotiating the allocation of regional resources. Their core demands are: A: (1) an autonomous local council that controls education, (2) 20 % of the regional revenue. B: (1) 30 % of the regional revenue, (2) retention of the existing security forces. C: (1) guarantee of land rights amounting to 15 % of the disputed land, (2) one seat in the regional parliament. The total regional revenue is fixed and must be fully allocated, and the disputed land totals 1 000 ha. The mediator must propose a package that satisfies at least two demands of each group without exceeding the revenue or land limits. Which combination of allocations meets the criteria?

A. Give A an autonomous education council and 15 % of the regional revenue; give B 30 % of the revenue but deny it the existing security forces; allocate 200 ha (20 %) of the disputed land to C, give C one seat in the regional parliament, and assign C 25 % of the revenue.

B. Give A an autonomous education council and 20 % of the regional revenue; give B 30 % of the revenue and let it keep the existing security forces; allocate 150 ha (15 %) of the disputed land to C, give C one seat in the regional parliament, but give C no share of the revenue.

C. Give A an autonomous education council and 20 % of the regional revenue; give B 30 % of the revenue and let it keep the existing security forces; allocate 150 ha (15 %) of the disputed land to C, give C one seat in the regional parliament, and assign C 40 % of the revenue, leaving 10 % of the revenue unallocated.

Correct D. Give A an autonomous education council and 20 % of the regional revenue; give B 30 % of the revenue and let it keep the existing security forces; allocate 150 ha (15 %) of the disputed land to C, give C one seat in the regional parliament, and assign C 30 % of the revenue. This satisfies at least two demands of each group while respecting the 100 % revenue and 1 000 ha land limits.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 4 View Details

A law criminalises any public speech that "insults the national symbols". A journalist publishes an article criticizing the government's handling of a public‑health crisis, writing that "the flag is a symbol of a failed administration". The journalist is charged under the law. Considering the principle of proportionality and the right to freedom of expression under international human‑rights law, should the journalist's conviction be upheld? Provide a brief justification.

A. Yes; the conviction should be upheld because the law legitimately protects national symbols and the journalist's statement constitutes a prohibited insult.

B. No; the conviction should be set aside, but on the basis that the journalist's speech does not fall within the protected core of freedom of expression rather than on proportionality grounds.

C. Yes; the conviction should be upheld because any criticism of the government that references national symbols automatically triggers the restriction, regardless of context.

Correct D. No; the conviction should be set aside because the restriction is not necessary or proportionate to a legitimate aim and unduly infringes the journalist's freedom of expression.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 5 View Details

During a calendar year, a public officer receives the following gifts from a contractor who is bidding for a new public‑works contract: a watch worth ₦150,000; a dinner for four costing ₦80,000; and a family vacation valued at ₦250,000. The anti‑corruption code exempts gifts whose total value does not exceed ₦200,000 per year, provided the donor is not a party seeking a contract and the gifts are not lavish. Does the officer's acceptance of the gifts constitute a breach of the anti‑corruption code, and if so, what is the nature of the breach (gift‑limit breach, conflict of interest, or both)?

A. Gift‑limit breach; the total value of ₦480,000 exceeds the ₦200,000 exemption limit, but the contractor is not seeking a contract, so there is no conflict of interest.

Correct B. Both; the total value of ₦480,000 exceeds the ₦200,000 exemption limit and the gifts were received from a contractor seeking a contract, creating a conflict of interest.

C. Neither; the total value of ₦480,000 is below the ₦200,000 exemption limit and the contractor is not seeking a contract, so no breach occurs.

D. Conflict of interest; the gifts were from a contractor seeking a contract, yet the total value of ₦480,000 is within the ₦200,000 exemption limit, so only a conflict exists.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 6 View Details

A state has an annual budget of ₦500 million. 30% of the budget is allocated to health, and 25% to infrastructure. In the health sector, a corrupt official diverts 12% of the health allocation, but only 80% of that amount actually reaches his personal account. In the infrastructure sector, another official inflates contract values, causing the amount siphoned to be 5% of the infrastructure allocation multiplied by 1.5. An anti‑corruption agency later recovers 10% of the total amount siphoned and returns it to the state. What is the net loss to the state's budget (in millions of naira) after the recovery?

A. 22.40

B. 20.40

C. 21.00

Correct D. 21.40

Correct Answer: D

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Question 7 View Details

In a country, the total number of registered voters is 2,000,000. In the 2015 general election, 55% turned out to vote. In the 2019 election, the turnout increased by 8 percentage points, but the number of registered voters also increased by 5%. What was the increase in the absolute number of voters who cast ballots between the two elections?

A. 225000

B. 213000

C. 233000

Correct D. 223000

Correct Answer: D

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Question 8 View Details

According to the council's standing orders, a resolution is adopted only if at least two‑thirds (⅔) of the total councilors vote in favour. In a meeting, 7 councilors are absent. Among the 18 present, 4 vote against the resolution while the remaining councilors intend to vote for it. Assuming all councilors who are present and intend to vote for the resolution do so, what is the minimum number of the absent councilors who must be present and vote in favour to ensure the resolution is adopted?

A. 4

B. 5

Correct C. 3

D. 2

Correct Answer: C

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Question 9 View Details

In Country X, a constitutional amendment requires two stages: (i) a two‑thirds majority in both houses of the National Assembly, and (ii) ratification by at least three‑quarters of the state legislatures. The National Assembly has a Senate of 60 members and a House of Representatives of 240 members. In a recent amendment proposal, 45 senators voted in favour, 10 against, and 5 abstained; in the House, 150 voted in favour, 70 against, and 20 abstained. All 36 state legislatures considered the amendment, and 27 voted to ratify it while the rest rejected it. Did the amendment satisfy the constitutional requirements for adoption? Answer "Yes" or "No".

A. Yes, but with reservations

B. Yes (conditional)

C. Yes

Correct D. No

Correct Answer: D

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Question 10 View Details

A city recorded 12,000 cases of drug abuse in 2018. After implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation program in 2019, the number of new cases dropped by 18% compared to 2018, while the number of repeat offenders decreased by 25% relative to 2018 levels. In 2018, repeat offenders accounted for 30% of all cases. Assuming the total number of cases in 2019 equals the sum of the reduced new cases and the reduced repeat offenders, calculate the percentage reduction in the total number of drug‑abuse cases from 2018 to 2019. Round your answer to one decimal place.

A. 22.3

B. 18.5

Correct C. 20.1

D. 15.0

Correct Answer: C

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Question 11 View Details

An infrastructure contract is valued at N10,000,000. If the contractor does not pay any bribe, the project is delayed on average 6 months, and the contract stipulates a penalty of 2 % of the contract value for each month of delay. The contractor can pay a bribe equal to 5 % of the contract value, which reduces the delay to 3 months. Assuming the penalty is the only additional cost, calculate the amount saved (in Naira) by paying the bribe instead of not paying it.

A. 200000

B. 300000

C. 50000

Correct D. 100000

Correct Answer: D

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Question 12 View Details

In a state with a population of 2,500,000, 68 % of the people identify as Yoruba, 45 % identify as Muslim, and 30 % identify as both Yoruba and Muslim. How many people identify as neither Yoruba nor Muslim?

A. 350000

B. 250000

Correct C. 425000

D. 500000

Correct Answer: C

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Question 13 View Details

A citizen peacefully displays a banner that reads "President X is a thief" during a public demonstration. The police arrest the citizen on the ground of "incitement to violence". Under the Nigerian Constitution, which permissible ground for restricting freedom of expression is most appropriate to justify this arrest?

Correct A. public order

B. public health

C. national security

D. morality

Correct Answer: A

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Question 14 View Details

A local government area has 120,000 registered voters. Thirty percent of them are under 18 and therefore ineligible to vote. For a community meeting to be valid, at least 25 % of the total registered voters must attend, and at least 60 % of the attendees must be women. Women constitute 55 % of the adult voting population, but only 40 % of the women are willing to attend, whereas 70 % of the men are willing to attend. What is the minimum number of men that must attend, in addition to the women who are willing, to satisfy both the quorum and the women‑percentage requirement?

A. 12000

B. 9600

Correct C. 11520

D. 10800

Correct Answer: C

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Question 15 View Details

During a road‑safety check, a driver is found to have exceeded the speed limit of 80 km/h on a 5 km stretch, with the speed recorded at 110 km/h. The traffic law imposes a fine of N5,000 for each kilometre per hour over the limit, and for every kilometre per hour over the limit beyond the first 10 km/h an additional N10,000 is added. The driver also receives 2 demerit points for each kilometre per hour over the limit. Moreover, because the driver has a previous offence, a surcharge of 20 % is applied to the total fine. Calculate (a) the total fine payable (in Naira) after the surcharge, and (b) the total number of demerit points imposed.

A. Fine: 420000 Naira; Points: 30

B. Fine: 300000 Naira; Points: 60

Correct C. Fine: 420000 Naira; Points: 60

D. Fine: 350000 Naira; Points: 60

Correct Answer: C

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Question 16 View Details

In a democratic nation, 60% of the eligible voters turned out for the general election. Among those who voted, 55% supported Party A. The parliament has 200 seats that are allocated proportionally to the number of votes each party receives. How many seats does Party A obtain?

A. 55

Correct B. 110

C. 66

D. 120

Correct Answer: B

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Question 17 View Details

Two ethnic groups, X and Y, are in conflict over a piece of land. The government proposes three possible resolution mechanisms: (i) direct negotiation between the groups, (ii) mediation by a neutral third‑party (the government), and (iii) adjudication by a special tribunal. The following conditions apply: (a) both groups distrust each other but trust the government, (b) the dispute centres on factual ownership evidence, (c) the parties want a settlement within three months, and (d) any settlement must be legally binding. Which mechanism best satisfies all the conditions?

A. Direct negotiation between the groups

B. Adjudication by a special tribunal

Correct C. Mediation by a neutral third‑party (the government)

D. Mediation by an international organization

Correct Answer: C

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Question 18 View Details

A drug‑awareness programme was introduced in two secondary schools. School A has 400 students; before the programme 10% reported using cannabis, after one year 6% reported use. School B has 600 students; before the programme 14% reported use, after one year 9% reported use. The national target is to reduce overall student cannabis use by at least 30% relative to the baseline. Did the programme meet the target? Show all calculations.

A. No, the programme did not meet the target (reduction ≈ 35.0%)

Correct B. Yes, the programme met the target (reduction ≈ 37.1%)

C. Yes, the programme met the target (reduction ≈ 30.0%)

D. No, the programme did not meet the target (reduction ≈ 28.5%)

Correct Answer: B

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Question 19 View Details

Amending the constitution of a federal republic requires a two‑thirds majority in both the Senate (90 members) and the House of Representatives (360 members), and also a national referendum in which at least 50% of all registered voters must vote ‘yes'. In a particular amendment attempt, 5 senators are absent and all 85 present senators vote ‘yes'. In the House, 20 members are absent; of the 340 present, 260 vote ‘yes' and 80 vote ‘no'. The referendum has 1,200,000 registered voters; 800,000 turn out and 55% of those vote ‘yes'. Does the amendment pass?

Correct A. No, the amendment fails because the referendum requirement is not met

B. No, the amendment fails because the Senate two‑thirds majority is not achieved

C. Yes, the amendment passes because both chambers met the two‑thirds requirement

D. No, the amendment fails because the House of Representatives did not reach a two‑thirds majority

Correct Answer: A

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Question 20 View Details

A university wants to curb cultism on campus. It can implement any combination of the following three measures, each of which can be either fully adopted or not adopted: (i) Awareness campaign - cost ₦200,000, reduces cult‑related incidents by 15%. (ii) Enhanced campus security - cost ₦350,000, reduces incidents by 25%. (iii) Counseling services - cost ₦150,000, reduces incidents by 10%. The total budget available is ₦600,000. Assuming the percentage reductions are additive (but cannot exceed 100%), which combination of measures should the university adopt to achieve the greatest possible reduction in cult‑related incidents while staying within budget?

A. Adopt measures (ii) Enhanced campus security and (iii) Counseling services

B. Adopt measures (ii) Enhanced campus security

C. Adopt measures (i) Awareness campaign and (iii) Counseling services

Correct D. Adopt measures (i) Awareness campaign and (ii) Enhanced campus security

Correct Answer: D

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Question 21 View Details

According to the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, what is the minimum age at which a citizen may vote in a federal election?

A. 16

Correct B. 18

C. 21

D. 25

Correct Answer: B

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Question 22 View Details

A satirical cartoon published in a newspaper mocks the beliefs of a religious group. The group claims the cartoon infringes on their right to freedom of religion, while the newspaper argues it is exercising its right to freedom of expression. According to the Nigerian Constitution, which right should be given priority in this conflict?

A. Right to privacy

B. Freedom of expression

C. Right to assembly

Correct D. Freedom of religion

Correct Answer: D

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Question 23 View Details

The 2020 census recorded Nigeria's total population as 200 million. The combined population of the Yoruba and Igbo ethnic groups constitutes 35 % of the total population. Within this combined group, the Yoruba make up three‑fifths. (a) How many Yoruba people are there? (b) What percentage of the total population do the Yoruba represent?

A. 28 million; 14%

B. 45 million; 22.5%

Correct C. 42 million; 21%

D. 35 million; 17.5%

Correct Answer: C

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Question 24 View Details

In the 2015 general election, 12 million out of 20 million registered voters cast their votes. For the 2019 election, the voter‑turnout percentage increased by 15 % relative to the 2015 turnout percentage. (a) What was the voter‑turnout percentage in 2019? (b) How many voters cast their votes in 2019? (c) Did the 2019 turnout meet the national target of at least 70 % of registered voters?

A. 75%; 15 million; Yes

B. 65%; 13 million; No

Correct C. 69%; 13.8 million; No

D. 68%; 13.6 million; No

Correct Answer: C

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Question 25 View Details

Under the Nigerian Human Rights Act, a person unlawfully detained is entitled to a base compensation of ₦200,000 plus a daily allowance of ₦5,000 for each of the first 30 days of detention and ₦10,000 for each day thereafter. If a person was detained for 45 days, what is the total compensation payable?

A. 350000

B. 650000

C. 450000

Correct D. 500000

Correct Answer: D

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