neco model questions vol1 2021 agricultural_science | Practical

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Question 1 View Details
A field of mixed crops is being surveyed for insect biodiversity. Four 1 m² quadrats (Q1–Q4) were randomly selected and the number of individuals of five insect groups recorded as shown in the table. | Quadrats | Beetles | Butterflies | Grasshoppers | Ants | Bees | |----------|---------|------------|--------------|------|------| | Q1 | 12 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 4 | | Q2 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 22 | 5 | | Q3 | 15 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 6 | | Q4 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 19 | 3 | Using the combined data from all quadrats, answer the following: a) Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) for the insect community. b) Express the result as the Simpson’s Reciprocal Index (1/D) and interpret the ecological meaning of the value obtained. c) Based on the index, recommend one agronomic practice that could improve insect biodiversity in the field.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) for the insect community.
(b)
Express the result as the Simpson’s Reciprocal Index (1/D) and interpret the ecological meaning of the value obtained.
(c)
Based on the index, recommend one agronomic practice that could improve insect biodiversity in the field.
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Question 2 View Details
A soil sample from a cultivated field is being analysed for its moisture characteristics using the gravimetric method. The following data were obtained: - Oven‑dry weight of the soil (W_d) = 250 g - Weight of the soil after saturation and drainage (W_fc) = 420 g (field capacity condition) - Weight of the soil after drying to the permanent wilting point using a pressure plate apparatus (W_wp) = 360 g Using these data, answer the following: a) Determine the gravimetric water content at field capacity (θ_fc) and at the wilting point (θ_wp) expressed as a percentage of dry weight. b) Calculate the Available Water Holding Capacity (AWC) of the soil in % (θ_fc – θ_wp). c) Discuss two possible sources of error in this experimental procedure and suggest one improvement for each.
Question Parts
(a)
Determine the gravimetric water content at field capacity (θ_fc) and at the wilting point (θ_wp) expressed as a percentage of dry weight.
(b)
Calculate the Available Water Holding Capacity (AWC) of the soil in % (θ_fc – θ_wp).
(c)
Discuss two possible sources of error in this experimental procedure and suggest one improvement for each.
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Question 3 View Details
A farmer wants to compare the efficiency of a hand hoe and a motorised tiller for clearing a 0.5‑hectare field. The following times (in minutes) were recorded for three separate trials each: Hand hoe: 180, 210, 195 minutes Motorised tiller: 45, 50, 48 minutes Using this data, answer the questions below.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the average time taken by each tool to clear the 0.5‑ha field.
(b)
Determine the percentage reduction in time when the motorised tiller is used instead of the hand hoe.
(c)
If the farmer works a full hectare (1 ha) under the same conditions, calculate the total labour time saved (in hours) by using the motorised tiller instead of the hand hoe.
(d)
Suggest two practical measures the farmer could adopt to further improve the efficiency of field clearing with the motorised tiller.
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Question 4 View Details
A 45 kW diesel tractor is to be used to operate a rotary harvester that requires 20 kW at a PTO speed of 540 rpm. The tractor’s transmission efficiency is 85 %. The specific fuel consumption of the tractor engine is 210 g kWh⁻¹. The harvester will be operated for 2 hours on a field. Answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Determine whether the tractor can supply the required power to the harvester at the specified PTO speed.
(b)
Calculate the torque available at the PTO (in N·m) when the tractor is delivering its maximum usable power.
(c)
Estimate the amount of fuel (in kilograms) that will be consumed by the tractor during the 2‑hour operation, assuming the harvester actually uses its rated 20 kW throughout.
(d)
List two essential safety precautions that must be observed when operating the tractor‑harvester combination.
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