neco model questions vol1 2019 agricultural_science | Practical

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Question 1 View Details
A farmer wants to assess the diversity of insect pollinators in a 0.5 ha orchard. Four 1 m² quadrats were sampled and the following numbers of individuals per species were recorded:
Question Parts
(a)
State the total number of pollinator individuals observed in the four quadrats.
(b)
Using Simpson's Diversity Index \(D = \frac{\sum n_i (n_i-1)}{N(N-1)}\), where \(n_i\) is the number of individuals of species i and \(N\) is the total number of individuals, calculate \(D\) to two decimal places.
(c)
State whether the orchard has high, moderate or low pollinator diversity based on the index, using the guide: D < 0.20 – high, 0.20 ≤ D ≤ 0.50 – moderate, D > 0.50 – low.
(d)
Suggest one cultural practice that could be adopted to improve pollinator diversity in the orchard.
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Question 2 View Details
A soil sample was analysed in the laboratory using the hydrometer method to determine texture, and a separate core sample was used to determine bulk density. The data obtained are:
Question Parts
(a)
The oven‑dry mass of the soil used for the texture analysis was 50.0 g. The hydrometer readings (in g L⁻¹) were 30.0 at 40 s and 20.0 at 2 min. Assuming a 1 L suspension and a temperature correction factor of 1.0, calculate the percentage of sand, silt and clay in the sample. (Sand = particles that settle between 40 s and 2 min, silt = particles that settle after 2 min but before 5 min – assume the remaining 20 g represent clay.)
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Question 3 View Details
A farmer is using a hand hoe for digging. The hoe has a wooden handle that is 1.20 m long from the fulcrum (the point where the blade meets the handle) to the hand grip, and the blade is 0.25 m long. The farmer applies a downward effort of 80 N at the hand grip to lift a compacted soil clod attached to the blade. The distance from the fulcrum to the point where the clod is attached on the blade is 0.05 m. The hoe is made of steel blade and wooden handle.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the tool described and state its primary agricultural use.
(b)
Using the lever principle, calculate the maximum weight of the soil clod (in newtons) that can be lifted when the farmer exerts the 80 N effort. Show all steps.
(c)
Suggest two safety precautions that should be observed when using this hand hoe.
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Question 4 View Details
A small gasoline‑powered tractor is tested on a farm field. During the test the tractor runs continuously for 2.5 h, consumes 12.5 L of fuel and travels a distance of 45 km. The tractor is to be used for a larger operation that requires travelling a total of 120 km on similar terrain.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the average speed of the tractor in km h⁻¹ during the test.
(b)
Determine the fuel consumption in litres per kilometre (L km⁻¹).
(c)
Estimate the total amount of fuel required for the 120 km operation, assuming the same fuel‑efficiency as obtained in the test.
(d)
List two factors that could cause the actual fuel consumption to differ from the estimate.
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