neco model questions vol1 2017 agricultural_science | Practical

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Question 1 View Details
A student visits a mixed‑crop field (1 ha) and randomly places five 1 m² quadrats. The numbers of individuals of each plant species recorded in the quadrats are shown in the table. | Quadrat | Species A | Species B | Species C | Species D | Species E | |---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------| | 1 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | | 2 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | | 3 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | | 4 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | | 5 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | Using the data, answer the following: (a) Determine the species richness of the field. (b) Calculate the relative abundance (as a proportion of the total individuals) of each species. (c) Compute Simpson’s Diversity Index (D = 1 – Σp_i²) for the field and briefly interpret the value.
Question Parts
(a)
Determine the species richness of the field.
(b)
Calculate the relative abundance (as a proportion of the total individuals) of each species.
(c)
Compute Simpson’s Diversity Index (D = 1 – Σp_i²) for the field and briefly interpret the value.
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Question 2 View Details
A student collects three soil samples from a field (1 ha) at depths 0‑15 cm, 15‑30 cm and 30‑45 cm. For each sample the pH is measured with a calibrated pH meter and the organic carbon is determined by the Walkley‑Black method using 0.5 N ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄). The volume (ml) of FeSO₄ required for each titration is recorded. The dry weight of each soil subsample used for the titration is 10 g. Data obtained: | Depth (cm) | pH | Volume of 0.5 N FeSO₄ (ml) | |------------|----|----------------------------| | 0‑15 | 5.2| 12.5 | | 15‑30 | 5.8| 9.0 | | 30‑45 | 6.1| 6.5 | The bulk density of the topsoil (0‑15 cm) is 1.3 g cm⁻³. Using the data, answer the following: (a) Calculate the percentage of organic carbon (% C) in each depth layer. (b) Convert the % C values to percentage of organic matter (% OM) using the factor 1.724. (c) Identify which depth layer, if any, requires liming (pH < 5.5). For that layer, calculate the lime requirement (kg CaCO₃ ha⁻¹) using the formula: Lime = (5.5 – pH) × 2 × bulk density × depth (cm). State the result and give a brief recommendation.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the percentage of organic carbon (% C) in each depth layer.
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Question 3 View Details
A group of students were assigned to evaluate the ergonomic efficiency of two types of hand hoes used for weeding: a traditional wooden‑handled hoe (Hoe A) and a modern steel‑handled hoe (Hoe B). Both hoes have a handle length of 1.2 m. The handle angle with the ground can be adjusted. The average pulling force required to uproot a standard weed was measured at three different handle angles (30°, 45°, and 60°). The recorded forces are:
Question Parts
(a)
State the handle angle that requires the least average pulling force for each hoe. Show how you arrived at the answer.
(b)
Calculate the percentage reduction in average pulling force when using the optimal angle of Hoe B compared with the optimal angle of Hoe A. Express your answer to one decimal place.
(c)
A farmer normally uses Hoe A at 45°. If he switches to Hoe B and uproots 200 weeds, each requiring a displacement of 0.05 m during pulling, estimate the total work saved. (Work = force × distance). Give your answer in joules (J).
(d)
List two possible sources of experimental error that could affect the force measurements and suggest one way to minimise each.
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Question 4 View Details
A small 20‑horsepower (hp) diesel tractor is used on a farm to pull a cultivator. The tractor’s fuel consumption was recorded at three different draw‑bar loads (expressed as a percentage of the tractor’s rated draw‑bar pull). The data are: Load 25 % – fuel 3.2 L h⁻¹ Load 50 % – fuel 4.5 L h⁻¹ Load 75 % – fuel 6.8 L h⁻¹ The price of diesel is ₦165 per litre. The cultivator requires a constant draw‑bar pull of 15 kN to operate effectively. The tractor’s rated draw‑bar pull is 20 kN and its weight is 1 250 kg.
Question Parts
(a)
Assuming a linear relationship between fuel consumption (L h⁻¹) and draw‑bar load (expressed as a decimal), determine the equation of the line in the form Fuel = m·Load + c.
(b)
Using the equation from part (a), estimate the fuel consumption when the tractor is pulling the cultivator at the required draw‑bar pull of 15 kN.
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