neco 2025 agricultural_science | Practical

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Question 1 View Details
A farmer wants to assess the insect biodiversity in a 10 m × 10 m field. Five sweep‑net samples were taken at random points. The numbers of individuals of each insect species recorded are shown in the table below. | Species | Number of individuals | |---------|------------------------| | A | 12 | | B | 8 | | C | 5 | | D | 3 | | E | 2 | | F | 0 | Using the data, answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
State the species richness (S) and the total number of individuals (N) recorded.
(b)
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index \(D = \frac{\sum n_i (n_i-1)}{N(N-1)}\) where \(n_i\) is the number of individuals of species i.
(c)
State the Simpson’s Index of Diversity \(1-D\) and interpret the result in terms of the field’s insect diversity.
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Question 2 View Details
A researcher collects a soil core of 7 cm diameter and 10 cm length from a cultivated field. The following measurements are obtained: - Fresh (undisturbed) weight of the core: 850 g - Oven‑dry weight (105 °C to constant weight): 620 g - Saturated weight (after soaking the core): 950 g - Weight after allowing drainage for 30 min (field capacity): 770 g - Weight of a separate saturated sample after drying to permanent wilting point: 830 g - Particle density of the soil (assumed): 2.65 g cm⁻³ Using these data, answer the questions below. (Assume 1 g water = 1 cm³.)
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the bulk density (\(\rho_b\)) of the soil in g cm⁻³.
(b)
Determine the total porosity (n) of the soil as a percentage.
(c)
Compute the gravimetric water content (\(\theta_g\), % dry weight) at field capacity and at permanent wilting point.
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Question 3 View Details
A student is investigating how the angle of a hand hoe blade affects the effort required to turn over a soil plot. The plot measures 5 m by 2 m and must be turned to a depth of 0.15 m. The hoe has a handle length of 1.20 m and the student applies an average force of 150 N at the handle end. Two blade angles are tested: 30° and 45°. The student records the number of strokes needed to turn the whole plot: 120 strokes at 30° and 95 strokes at 45°.
Question Parts
(a)
List the main parts of a hand hoe and state the function of each part.
(b)
Calculate the work done by the student in one stroke when the blade angle is 30°.
(c)
Using the work per stroke found in (b), calculate the total work required to turn over the whole plot for each blade angle.
(d)
Determine the percentage reduction in total work when the 45° blade angle is used compared with the 30° angle. Show your working.
(e)
Suggest two practical reasons why increasing the blade angle reduces the work required.
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Question 4 View Details
A small farm uses a two‑wheel tractor to pull a single‑bottom plough across a field. The tractor weighs 1500 kg and its engine is rated at 12 kW. The gear ratio from the engine to the wheels is 4:1, the wheel radius is 0.40 m, and the coefficient of rolling resistance is 0.02. When pulling the plough at a constant speed of 2.5 m s⁻¹, a draft force of 800 N is measured.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the rolling resistance force acting on the tractor.
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