neco 2023 geography | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
The map below shows a small region with three towns (A, B and C), a river and a road network. The map scale is 1 cm : 2 km. The north arrow points upwards. Town A is located at the point (2 cm, 4 cm) measured from the south‑west corner of the map. Town B is at (6 cm, 4 cm). Town C is at (5 cm, 8 cm). The river runs horizontally across the map at y = 2 cm. A dotted line on the map represents a protected forest boundary.
Question Parts
(a)
State the bearing of the line from Town A to Town B.
(b)
Calculate the straight‑line distance between Town A and Town C in kilometres.
(c)
A new road is to be built from Town B to a point D on the river that lies 3 cm east of Town B on the map. Determine the actual length of the proposed road in kilometres.
(d)
Explain what the dotted line on the map represents and discuss one implication of this feature for land‑use planning in the area.
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Question 2 View Details
The map shown depicts a rectangular area with a lake, a road and a secondary school. The map scale is 1 cm : 1.5 km. The lake is represented as an ellipse whose major axis is 4 cm and minor axis is 2 cm. The road runs from point P to point Q and measures 7.2 cm on the map. The school is situated 5 cm north and 3 cm east of the centre of the lake.
Question Parts
(a)
Determine the actual area of the lake in square kilometres.
(b)
If the road is to be resurfaced at a cost of ₦150,000 per kilometre, calculate the total cost of resurfacing the road.
(c)
Find the bearing from the school to the centre of the lake, giving your answer to the nearest degree.
(d)
Discuss how the chosen scale (1 cm : 1.5 km) influences the accuracy of area estimation for irregular features such as the lake.
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Question 3 View Details
The coordinates of Lagos are 6°27'N, 3°22'E and those of Kano are 12°00'N, 8°30'E. Using the spherical Earth model with a radius of 6 371 km, answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the great‑circle distance between Lagos and Kano using the formula \(d = R\,\arccos\bigl(\sin\phi_1\sin\phi_2 + \cos\phi_1\cos\phi_2\cos\Delta\lambda\bigr)\). Show all steps and give your answer to the nearest kilometre.
(b)
Estimate the east‑west component of the distance by assuming that one degree of longitude at the mean latitude equals \(111.32 \times \cos\phi\) km. Show your calculation.
(c)
Determine the time difference between the two cities based on their longitudes (15° of longitude = 1 hour). Express the answer in hours and minutes.
(d)
Discuss briefly how latitude influences the climate of Nigeria, citing at least two climatic effects associated with the latitudinal position of the country.
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Question 4 View Details
A weather station recorded the following data for a consecutive seven‑day period:
Question Parts
(a)
Using the data below, calculate: (i) the average maximum temperature, (ii) the average minimum temperature, (iii) the average diurnal temperature range (maximum – minimum).
(b)
Determine the total rainfall recorded for the week.
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Question 5 View Details
The table below shows the average monthly rainfall (in millimetres) recorded at a weather station over a typical year. | Month | Rainfall (mm) | |-------|---------------| | Jan | 120 | | Feb | 80 | | Mar | 60 | | Apr | 40 | | May | 30 | | Jun | 20 | | Jul | 15 | | Aug | 20 | | Sep | 35 | | Oct | 70 | | Nov | 110 | | Dec | 130 | Using the data above, answer the following questions. (a) Calculate the total annual rainfall. (b) Determine the coefficient of variation (CV) of the monthly rainfall values and state its value to the nearest whole percent. (c) Based on the rainfall pattern, suggest the most appropriate Köppen climate classification for the location and justify your choice with reference to the data.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the total annual rainfall.
(b)
Determine the coefficient of variation (CV) of the monthly rainfall values and state its value to the nearest whole percent.
(c)
Based on the rainfall pattern, suggest the most appropriate Köppen climate classification for the location and justify your choice with reference to the data.
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Question 6 View Details
A geologist examines a rock sample collected from a riverbank. The observations are as follows: - The rock is coarse‑grained with interlocking crystals that are easily visible to the naked eye. - The dominant minerals are quartz, orthoclase feldspar and mica. - The texture is granular and the rock shows no layering. - The rock feels hard and has a conchoidal fracture. Answer the following questions. (a) Identify the rock type. (b) Explain the geological processes that led to the formation of this rock. (c) Discuss two major economic uses of this rock type. (d) Evaluate how chemical weathering would affect the durability of this rock if it were used as a building material in a humid tropical environment.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the rock type.
(b)
Explain the geological processes that led to the formation of this rock.
(c)
Discuss two major economic uses of this rock type.
(d)
Evaluate how chemical weathering would affect the durability of this rock if it were used as a building material in a humid tropical environment.
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Question 7 View Details
A region in the northern part of Nigeria is described as follows: - The northernmost area consists of a broad, gently undulating plateau composed mainly of Precambrian granite. - To the south of the plateau lies a series of low, dissected hills formed from laterite soils. - The eastern fringe of the region contains a narrow, steep-sided valley cut by a river that flows from the highlands to the plateau. - The climate is semi‑arid with an average annual rainfall of about 600 mm, and the area experiences occasional flash floods. Using the description above, answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the three major landforms mentioned in the description and name each landform.
(b)
Explain the dominant geological and geomorphological processes that have led to the formation of each of the landforms identified in part (a).
(c)
Discuss how each of these landforms influences human settlement patterns and economic activities in the region.
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Question 8 View Details
The drainage basin of the River Zambe in central Nigeria has the following characteristics: - The source of the river is at an elevation of 850 m above sea level. - The river mouth, where it joins a larger river, is at 150 m above sea level. - The total length of the river from source to mouth is 120 km. - The basin exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern and the soils are predominantly lateritic. - Seasonal rainfall averages 800 mm, but intense thunderstorms can produce flash floods. Answer the questions below:
Question Parts
(a)
Define the following terms as they apply to river basins: (i) drainage basin, (ii) dendritic pattern, (iii) lateritic soil.
(b)
Calculate the average gradient (slope) of the River Zambe expressed as a percentage.
(c)
Explain how the dendritic drainage pattern and the presence of lateritic soils influence the fertility of the floodplain soils in the basin.
(d)
Propose two practical measures that local authorities could adopt to reduce the risk of flash‑flood damage in the River Zambe basin.
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