neco 2022 islamic_religious_studies | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
The following excerpt is taken from Surah Al‑Maʿidah (5:1‑5): "O you who have believed, fulfill the covenant of Allah, and do not break the oaths you have taken. And fulfill the covenant with the messengers, and with those who have taken a covenant from you. If you break it, then indeed you are the transgressors. And fear Allah, and Allah is the best of protectors." Based on this passage answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the central theme of the passage and explain how it connects with the Islamic concept of covenant (ʿahd).
(b)
Discuss two linguistic devices employed in the passage (e.g., imperative mood, repetition, parallelism) and analyse how each device reinforces the message.
(c)
Compare the principle of upholding covenants in this passage with a similar principle found in another Surah of your choice. State the other Surah, cite the relevant verses, and explain the similarity or difference in emphasis.
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Question 2 View Details
Imam al‑Bukhari recorded the following hadith in his Sahih: "The truthful and trustworthy merchant will be with the Prophets, the truthful, and the martyrs on the Day of Judgment." Answer the following questions:
Question Parts
(a)
Outline the criteria used by Imam al‑Bukhari to classify this narration as sahih (authentic).
(b)
Explain how this hadith underpins two specific rulings in Islamic commercial law (fiqh al‑muʿāmalāt).
(c)
Evaluate the relevance of this hadith for contemporary business ethics. Provide two modern examples where the principle can be applied.
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Question 3 View Details
Tawhid (the Oneness of Allah) is the foundation of Islamic belief. Answer the following questions in detail:
Question Parts
(a)
Define Tawhid and briefly outline its three categories: Rubūbiyyah, Ulūhiyyah and Asmāʾ wa Ṣifāt.
(b)
Explain how each category of Tawhid influences the daily life and worship of a Muslim.
(c)
Discuss the theological and social consequences of committing shirk (associating partners with Allah).
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Question 4 View Details
The Articles of Faith (Imān) constitute the core beliefs of a Muslim. Answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
List the six pillars of Iman and give a concise description of each.
(b)
Explain how belief in the Books (Al‑Kutub) influences a Muslim’s moral and legal conduct.
(c)
Analyse the relationship between Iman and actions (ʿamal). In your answer, discuss whether good deeds increase one’s Iman and how this is reflected in the Qur'an and Hadith.
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Question 5 View Details
The Five Pillars of Islam constitute the foundation of a Muslim's worship (Ibadah).
Question Parts
(a)
Explain the spiritual and social objectives of the daily prayer (Salah). In your answer, identify the essential components of a valid Salah and discuss how each component contributes to the objectives.
(b)
Compare and contrast Zakat with Sadaqah, highlighting at least three points of similarity and three points of difference.
(c)
Evaluate how the observance of fasting during Ramadan (Sawm) can influence a Muslim's moral character, giving at least two specific ways in which the practice cultivates personal development.
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Question 6 View Details
Shariah law is derived from a hierarchy of sources that have evolved since the advent of Islam.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the primary sources of Shariah and briefly describe the role each plays in deriving legal rulings.
(b)
Outline the historical development of Shariah from the Prophet’s era to the modern period, mentioning at least three distinct phases and the key characteristics of each phase.
(c)
Using the sources identified in part (a), explain how a contemporary Muslim jurist might approach the issue of organ transplantation, indicating which source(s) would be most relevant and why.
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Question 7 View Details
A Muslim couple, Aisha and Umar, entered into a marriage contract (nikah) in which the agreed mahr was 20,000 Naira to be paid in instalments over five years. Two years after the marriage, Umar decides to pronounce talaq (divorce) without observing the prescribed waiting period (iddah) for Aisha. Subsequently, Umar dies in an accident before completing the payment of the mahr. Answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Identify and explain the essential conditions for a valid nikah. State the legal consequences if any one of these conditions is missing.
(b)
Explain the procedure for revoking a talaq (rafe') and the rights of Aisha during her iddah period after Umar’s death.
(c)
Discuss the legal status of the unpaid mahr after Umar’s death, citing Qur'anic verses, Hadith, and the views of the major Sunni schools of thought.
(d)
Compare the inheritance share of a daughter when the deceased father leaves a valid will (wasiyyah) that bequeaths a portion of his estate to charity versus when he leaves no will. State the applicable Qur'anic injunctions and the limits on bequests.
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Question 8 View Details
Consider the following two cases: 1. Ahmad is accused of stealing a gold necklace from a neighbour’s house. The only evidence presented is the testimony of a single eyewitness who claims to have seen Ahmad near the house at the time of the theft, but the eyewitness cannot identify Ahmad with certainty. 2. Bilal purchases a piece of fabric from a merchant, Hassan, on the basis that it is pure cotton. After two weeks, Bilal discovers that the fabric is actually a blend containing 30% polyester, which renders it unsuitable for his intended use. Bilal seeks redress. Answer the following:
Question Parts
(a)
Outline the evidentiary requirements for establishing the crime of theft (sariqa) under Sharia law and discuss why the evidence in Ahmad’s case may be insufficient.
(b)
Identify the remedies available to Bilal under Islamic commercial law when the sold fabric is found to be defective, citing the relevant jurisprudential principles.
(c)
Explain the principle of qisas and how it would be applied in a case of bodily injury, including the role of forgiveness (afw) and diyya (blood‑money).
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