neco 2021 geography | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
The map below shows a small town. The scale bar indicates that 2 cm on the map represents 400 m in reality. The map includes a school (S) at the north‑west corner, a hospital (H) at the south‑east corner, and a market (M) situated south‑west of the school near the river. The straight‑line distance measured with a ruler between the school and the hospital is 5 cm, between the market and the hospital is 3.5 cm, and the length of the road from the school to the market is 2.5 cm.
Question Parts
(a)
State the bearing of the line from the school to the hospital.
(b)
Estimate the straight‑line distance between the market and the hospital in metres.
(c)
If a person walks from the school to the market along the road shown, what is the approximate distance walked in metres?
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Question 2 View Details
The map below depicts a small region. The scale bar shows that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 250 m on the ground. On the map, a rectangular park (P) is drawn with a length of 3 cm (north‑south) and a width of 2 cm (east‑west). Two towns, A and B, are shown 4.8 cm apart on the map.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the real area of the park in square metres and in hectares, and also determine its perimeter in metres.
(b)
Determine the real distance between towns A and B in kilometres.
(c)
A new straight road is to be built joining the opposite corners of the park. Calculate the length of this road in kilometres, giving your answer to two decimal places.
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Question 3 View Details
Town A is located at 6°30' N latitude and 3°45' E longitude. Town B is located at 5°15' N latitude and 7°20' E longitude.
Question Parts
(a)
State the hemisphere (northern/southern and eastern/western) in which each town lies.
(b)
Calculate the approximate north‑south distance between the two towns. (Use 1° latitude = 111 km.)
(c)
Calculate the approximate east‑west distance between the two towns. Use the mean latitude of the two towns to adjust the length of a degree of longitude (1° longitude = 111 km × cos (mean latitude)).
(d)
Using the north‑south and east‑west distances obtained above, estimate the straight‑line distance between the two towns by applying the Pythagorean theorem.
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Question 4 View Details
The following three‑day weather report was recorded for the city of Ibadan:
Question Parts
(a)
For each day, compute the average temperature (°C) using the recorded maximum and minimum temperatures.
(b)
Using the simplified heat‑index formula HI = T + 0.33 × RH – 0.70 × WS – 4.00 (where T is the average temperature in °C, RH is relative humidity in %, and WS is wind speed in km h⁻¹), calculate the heat index for each day. The wind speeds recorded were 12 km h⁻¹ (Day 1), 8 km h⁻¹ (Day 2) and 5 km h⁻¹ (Day 3). Identify the day with the highest heat index.
(c)
Based on the temperature trend and the change in wind direction (Day 1: from the southeast, Day 2: from the east, Day 3: from the north‑west), indicate which day most likely experienced the passage of a cold front and justify your answer.
(d)
Explain how high relative humidity influences the perceived temperature, referring to the heat‑index concept used above.
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Question 5 View Details
The table below shows the average monthly temperature (°C) and rainfall (mm) recorded at the coastal town of Lagos over a typical year. | Month | Temperature (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | |-------|------------------|---------------| | Jan | 28 | 10 | | Feb | 27 | 20 | | Mar | 28 | 30 | | Apr | 29 | 70 | | May | 30 | 120 | | Jun | 28 | 250 | | Jul | 27 | 300 | | Aug | 27 | 280 | | Sep | 28 | 200 | | Oct | 29 | 100 | | Nov | 28 | 40 | | Dec | 28 | 20 | Answer the following questions: a) Calculate the mean annual temperature for Lagos. b) Using the data, identify the months that constitute the rainy season and explain two atmospheric factors that cause this seasonal rainfall pattern. c) Discuss two likely impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity in the Lagos coastal zone.
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the mean annual temperature for Lagos.
(b)
Using the data, identify the months that constitute the rainy season and explain two atmospheric factors that cause this seasonal rainfall pattern.
(c)
Discuss two likely impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity in the Lagos coastal zone.
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Question 6 View Details
A rock sample collected from the northern plateau of Nigeria is described as follows: - Coarse‑grained, interlocking crystals visible to the naked eye. - Dominant minerals are quartz, feldspar and mica. - Overall density measured at 2.65 g cm⁻³. - The mineralogical composition by volume is 60 % quartz, 25 % feldspar and 15 % mica. - Quartz density = 2.65 g cm⁻³, feldspar density = 2.55 g cm⁻³, mica density = 2.80 g cm⁻³. Answer the following: a) Identify the rock type and justify your identification. b) Explain the geological processes that could have led to the formation of this rock. c) Using the given mineral percentages and densities, calculate the theoretical bulk density of the rock and compare it with the measured density. State whether the measured value suggests the presence of any additional components (e.g., pores, other minerals).
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the rock type and justify your identification.
(b)
Explain the geological processes that could have led to the formation of this rock.
(c)
Using the given mineral percentages and densities, calculate the theoretical bulk density of the rock and compare it with the measured density. State whether the measured value suggests the presence of any additional components (e.g., pores, other minerals).
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Question 7 View Details
A region in northern Nigeria exhibits a series of cuesta landforms formed by differential erosion of sedimentary rocks.
Question Parts
(a)
Explain the geological processes that lead to the formation of a cuesta landform in a sedimentary basin.
(b)
Describe, in order, the typical sequence of landforms observed in a cross‑section from the steep escarpment to the gentle dip slope of a cuesta.
(c)
Evaluate how human activities such as quarrying and deforestation could affect the stability and future evolution of the cuesta.
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Question 8 View Details
A drainage basin in the middle Niger basin covers an area of 250 km² and receives an average annual rainfall of 1200 mm. The basin is currently 60 % forested (runoff coefficient 0.45) and 40 % under agriculture (runoff coefficient 0.65).
Question Parts
(a)
Calculate the annual runoff volume (in million cubic metres) from the basin using the given data.
(b)
If the proportion of agricultural land increases to 70 % while forest cover falls to 30 %, recalculate the annual runoff volume and determine the change in volume.
(c)
Discuss the likely implications of this increase in runoff for flood risk and water‑resource management in the basin.
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