neco 2020 islamic_religious_studies | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
Two of the most frequently recited chapters of the Qur'an are Surah Al‑Fātiḥah (the Opening) and Surah Al‑ʾĪkḥlās (the Sincerity). Both have been the subject of extensive classical commentaries, especially those of Ibn ʿAbbās and Ibn Kathīr.
Question Parts
(a)
State the principal theme or purpose of Surah Al‑Fātiḥah and of Surah Al‑ʾĪkḥlās in no more than one sentence each.
(b)
Using Ibn Kathīr’s commentary, explain how he clarifies the meaning of the phrase “ṭĩṭĩ al‑ṭĩṭĩ al‑ṭĩṭĩ” ("the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful") in Al‑Fātiḥah. Include at least two points made by the commentator.
(c)
Discuss briefly (150‑200 words) how these two surahs are incorporated into the daily worship of a Muslim, giving at least two specific examples.
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Question 2 View Details
Consider the following hadith reported in Sahih al‑Bukhārī: “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, ‘When a merchant sells a product, he must disclose any defect that the buyer cannot see.’"
Question Parts
(a)
Identify the chain of narration (isnad) given for this hadith and evaluate its strength according to the classical criteria of reliability (ʿadālah and ḍabṭ).
(b)
Explain the moral lesson of the hadith in the context of Islamic commercial ethics.
(c)
Illustrate, with a contemporary example, how a modern business can apply this teaching to its corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy.
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Question 3 View Details
Tawhid, the doctrine of the Oneness of Allah, is the foundation of Islamic belief. Answer the following questions in detail.
Question Parts
(a)
Define Tawhid and enumerate its three categories.
(b)
For each of the three categories, give two specific examples of how it shapes a Muslim's daily conduct.
(c)
Evaluate why a comprehensive understanding of all three categories is essential for the unity (Ummah) and moral integrity of the Muslim community.
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Question 4 View Details
The six articles of faith (Iman) constitute the core of a Muslim's belief system. Answer the following questions comprehensively.
Question Parts
(a)
State the six articles of faith, highlighting the articles concerning the angels and the Day of Judgment.
(b)
Explain the role of angels in Islamic theology, giving two distinct functions they perform.
(c)
Describe two major events that will occur on the Day of Judgment and discuss their moral significance for believers.
(d)
Analyse how belief in angels and the Day of Judgment can influence a Muslim's decision when faced with an ethical dilemma, such as whether to report a co‑worker’s financial misconduct.
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Question 5 View Details
The five pillars of Islam constitute the core acts of worship (Ibadah) for Muslims. Answer the following questions in detail.
Question Parts
(a)
Define the term "Ibadah" and explain how the five pillars embody this concept.
(b)
For each of the five pillars, state the minimum obligatory requirement and discuss one condition that must be fulfilled for its validity.
(c)
A Muslim intends to observe the fast (Sawm) during Ramadan but suffers from a chronic health condition that may be aggravated by fasting. Analyse the jurisprudential ruling regarding his obligation, citing the relevant principle from Islamic law.
(d)
Discuss how the performance of the five pillars collectively contributes to the spiritual and social welfare of the Muslim community.
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Question 6 View Details
Shariah law is derived from various primary and secondary sources, and its application has evolved over time. Respond to the following prompts.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify and briefly describe the four primary sources of Shariah, indicating which is considered the most authoritative and why.
(b)
Explain the role of ijma' (consensus) and qiyās (analogical reasoning) in the development of Islamic law, providing an illustrative example for each.
(c)
A contemporary issue: the permissibility of using digital contracts for business transactions. Using the principles of Shariah sources, outline how a scholar might derive a ruling on this matter.
(d)
Critically evaluate one challenge faced by modern jurists in applying classical Shariah sources to new technological contexts, and suggest a methodological approach to address it.
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Question 7 View Details
Aisha, a 22‑year‑old Muslim woman, wishes to marry Umar, a 28‑year‑old Muslim man. Her father, who is her wali, refuses to give his consent, stating that Umar is not from a reputable family. Aisha insists that the refusal is without valid Islamic reason. The couple have agreed on a mahr and have found two adult Muslim male witnesses. Answer the following.
Question Parts
(a)
List all the essential conditions (shurūṭ) that must be fulfilled for a Nikah to be valid under Islamic Family Law.
(b)
Based on the scenario, analyse whether the marriage can proceed despite the father's refusal. Cite the relevant Islamic legal principles that support your conclusion.
(c)
Explain the legal consequences if the marriage is performed without a valid wali, assuming the father's refusal was not justified.
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Question 8 View Details
In a market in Lagos, a merchant named Bilal sells a batch of used electronic devices to a customer, Hassan. Bilal knows that many of the devices are defective and will malfunction within a short period, yet he does not disclose this information and sells them at the full market price. Additionally, Bilal offers Hassan a loan of ₦200,000 at an interest rate of 15 % per annum to purchase the devices, which Hassan accepts. After three months, the devices begin to fail, and Hassan is unable to repay the loan on time. Answer the following.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify and explain the Islamic legal principles that govern (i) fraud or deception in trade and (ii) the prohibition of riba in financial transactions.
(b)
Determine the categories of punishment (hudud, qisas, tazir) that may apply to Bilal for each of his wrongful acts, providing the reasoning for each category.
(c)
Suggest appropriate remedial measures that an Islamic court could order Bilal to take in order to rectify the harm caused to Hassan.
(d)
Analyse whether Bilal’s actions constitute a breach of contract under Islamic commercial law and, if so, specify the type of restitution required.
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