neco 2019 data_processing | Essay

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Question 1 View Details
Answer the following questions about data processing:
Question Parts
(a)
Define a data processing system and briefly describe the three main stages – input, processing and output.
(b)
List three advantages of using computerised data processing over manual methods.
(c)
Identify two common data storage media used in computers and state one characteristic of each.
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Question 2 View Details
The table below shows the monthly sales (in thousands of naira) of a small retail shop for the twelve months of 2024.
Question Parts
(a)
Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the sales data using class intervals of 10 000 ₦ (i.e., 0‑10 000, 10‑20 000, …). State the class boundaries, frequencies and cumulative frequencies.
(b)
Using the grouped data, calculate: i. The mean monthly sales. ii. The median monthly sales. iii. The modal class and estimate the mode. Show all steps clearly.
(c)
Interpret the sales pattern for the year and suggest two practical measures the shop could adopt to improve its sales performance.
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Question 3 View Details
A secondary school computer laboratory is preparing to process the end‑of‑term examination scores of 250 students. The raw scores are entered into a computer system, processed to compute total marks and grades, and finally the results are printed and posted on the school notice board.
Question Parts
(a)
State the six steps of the Data Processing Cycle and give a concise explanation of the purpose of each step.
(b)
In the scenario described, which step of the Data Processing Cycle is being carried out when the computer system generates the grade sheets for each student? Justify your answer.
(c)
Suggest two practical measures that could be introduced to improve the efficiency of the Processing step in this context. Explain how each measure would help.
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Question 4 View Details
A school database needs to store the following information for each student: Admission number (numeric, 6 digits), Full name, Date of birth, Class, and a list of subjects with the corresponding scores obtained in the current term.
Question Parts
(a)
Distinguish between a text file and a binary file. Provide one example of each that could be used in the school context.
(b)
Considering the need to retrieve a particular student's record quickly by admission number, recommend the most suitable file organization method (Sequential, Indexed, or Direct) and justify your choice.
(c)
Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of using the Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) for this student database.
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Question 5 View Details
A university maintains a relational database to store information about its students, courses and enrolments. The schema consists of three relations: STUDENT(SID, Name, Dept, Level) ENROLL(SID, CourseCode, Semester, Grade) COURSE(CourseCode, Title, Credits, Dept) The following functional dependencies are known: - In STUDENT: SID → Name, Dept, Level - In COURSE: CourseCode → Title, Credits, Dept - In ENROLL: (SID, CourseCode, Semester) → Grade - In ENROLL: SID → Dept (each student belongs to a single department) Using this information, answer the questions below.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify all candidate keys for each of the three relations STUDENT, COURSE and ENROLL.
(b)
Write a relational algebra expression that retrieves the names of all students who have obtained a grade ‘A’ in any course that is offered by the Computer Science department.
(c)
The relation ENROLL is currently in Second Normal Form (2NF). Using the functional dependencies given, determine whether ENROLL is also in Third Normal Form (3NF). Justify your answer.
(d)
Explain two advantages of enforcing foreign‑key constraints between ENROLL.SID and STUDENT.SID, and between ENROLL.CourseCode and COURSE.CourseCode.
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Question 6 View Details
A digital system requires the Boolean function F = (A + B')(C + D')' + A' B C' D where ‘+’ denotes OR, juxtaposition denotes AND and the apostrophe (') denotes NOT. Answer the following questions.
Question Parts
(a)
Construct the complete truth table for the function F.
(b)
Using a Karnaugh map, simplify F to its minimal Sum‑of‑Products (SOP) form. Show the grouping that leads to the simplified expression.
(c)
Draw (describe) the minimal SOP circuit that implements the simplified expression using only AND, OR and NOT gates. Indicate the number of each type of gate required.
(d)
If the circuit must be realised using only NAND gates, explain the transformation steps and give the final NAND‑only expression for F.
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Question 7 View Details
A medium‑size company recently suffered a data breach when an employee unintentionally opened a phishing email and disclosed the login credentials of the corporate email system. As a result, confidential client information was accessed and some files were altered. The incident was reported to the management, and the IT department is now reviewing the situation.
Question Parts
(a)
Identify three ethical issues that arise from the described data breach.
(b)
For each ethical issue identified in part (a), recommend an appropriate technical or organisational security control and briefly justify how it addresses the issue.
(c)
Explain how the Nigerian Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act of 2015 applies to the breach and what legal consequences the company and the employee might face.
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Question 8 View Details
A small retail shop in Lagos has adopted three ICT applications to improve its operations: (i) a point‑of‑sale (POS) system that records sales and updates inventory in real time, (ii) an online ordering platform that allows customers to place orders via a mobile app, and (iii) a cloud‑based accounting software that automates bookkeeping. The shop invested ₦250,000 for the POS hardware and software, ₦150,000 for the online platform development, and pays a monthly subscription of ₦15,000 for the accounting software. It estimates that the POS system reduces stock‑out losses by ₦20,000 per month, the online platform generates an additional ₦45,000 in sales per month, and the accounting software saves ₦10,000 per month in labour costs. The management wants to evaluate the financial benefit of these ICT applications over a two‑year period and also consider broader implications of ICT adoption for small businesses in Nigeria.
Question Parts
(a)
List the three ICT applications mentioned and explain how each contributes to the efficiency of the shop’s operations.
(b)
Using the data provided, calculate the net monetary benefit (in Naira) that the shop will obtain from the three ICT applications over a period of two years. Show all steps of your calculation.
(c)
Identify two major challenges that small businesses in Nigeria commonly face when adopting ICT solutions and propose one practical measure to overcome each challenge.
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