Neco 2018 Islamic Religious Studies Question 8

In a commercial dispute, a Muslim merchant, Yusuf, sold a used motorbike to a buyer, Bilal, for ₦150,000. After two weeks, Bilal discovered that the motorbike’s engine was severely damaged, rendering it unsafe for road use. Yusuf claims that the defect was not disclosed because the motorbike was sold "as is" and that Bilal had the opportunity to inspect it before purchase. Bilal argues that Yusuf breached the contract and demands a full refund. Separately, Yusuf had taken a loan of ₦200,000 from a money‑lender, Aisha, with an agreement that he would repay ₦250,000 after six months. The loan contract explicitly states the interest amount. Answer the following: a) Evaluate the validity of Bilal’s claim for a full refund under Islamic commercial law. Discuss the concepts of "bayʿ al‑muʿaqqab" (sale with defects) and the rights of the buyer when a sold item is found to be defective. b) Analyse the loan agreement between Yusuf and Aisha in the context of the prohibition of riba (usury). State the ruling of the major Sunni schools on the enforceability of such a contract and the possible penalties. c) Propose a solution that reconciles both disputes in accordance with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, ensuring justice (ʿadl) and the prevention of harm (darar).