Practice neco civic_education 2017 Past Questions

Question 1 View Details

A 20‑year‑old resident wishes to (i) vote in the upcoming local council election, (ii) attend a public hearing on a proposed market relocation, and (iii) submit a petition to the state governor demanding the market remain. Which of these actions are explicitly guaranteed by the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, and which depend on subsidiary legislation? Justify your answer using the relevant constitutional sections (e.g., \(14\), \(39\), \(40\)).

Correct A. (i) is explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution; (ii) and (iii) are constitutionally protected but their actual exercise depends on subsidiary legislation.

B. (i) is guaranteed by subsidiary legislation; (ii) and (iii) are explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution.

C. (i) is not guaranteed by the Constitution; (ii) is explicitly guaranteed; (iii) depends on customary law.

D. (i) and (ii) are explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution; (iii) depends on subsidiary legislation.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 2 View Details

A driver commits three offences on the same day: (i) speeding 20\% over the posted limit, (ii) running a red light, and (iii) driving without a seat‑belt. The penalty scheme is as follows:\n • Speeding - base fine \(20,000\) Naira; the fine is multiplied by \(1+0.1\times(\%\,over\,limit-10)\).\n • Red‑light - fine \(30,000\) Naira and 3 demerit points.\n • No seat‑belt - fine \(15,000\) Naira and 2 demerit points.\nIf the total demerit points exceed 6 the licence is suspended, and if the total fine exceeds \(70,000\) Naira a surcharge of 5\% is added. Calculate the total monetary penalty and state whether the driver's licence is suspended.

A. Total fine = 85,000 Naira; licence suspended.

B. Total fine = 110,250 Naira; licence remains valid (no suspension).

Correct C. Total fine = 89,250 Naira; licence remains valid (no suspension).

D. Total fine = 87,000 Naira; licence remains valid (no suspension).

Correct Answer: C

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Question 3 View Details

A university student is expelled because he wore a headscarf that reflects his religious belief, even though the university's uniform policy does not mention religious attire. Which fundamental right in the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria is infringed, and what legal remedy is available to the student? Cite the relevant constitutional sections in your answer.

Correct A. The student's freedom of religion (Section 38) - and arguably his right to education (Section 13) - is infringed; he may seek a declaration of unconstitutionality and an injunction in the Federal High Court to be reinstated.

B. The student's right to fair trial (Section 31) - and his freedom of association (Section 40) - is infringed; he may appeal to the Supreme Court for a judicial review.

C. The student's freedom of movement (Section 16) - and his right to property (Section 12) - is infringed; he may seek a writ of habeas corpus in the State High Court.

D. The student's right to privacy (Section 22) - and his freedom of expression (Section 39) - is infringed; he may file a complaint with the National Human Rights Commission.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 4 View Details

The National Assembly passes a law imposing a 15\% tax on all imports of electronic devices to raise revenue. A citizen challenges the law, arguing that it violates the Constitution's provision on exclusive legislative powers over taxation. Identify the relevant constitutional provision, explain whether the law is within the legislative competence of the National Assembly, and state the likely outcome of the challenge.

A. Section 110 gives the National Assembly exclusive taxing power; the 15 % import tax is within that competence, so the challenge will likely be dismissed.

B. Section 115 gives the National Assembly exclusive taxing power; the 15 % import tax exceeds that competence, so the challenge will likely succeed.

C. Section 112 gives the National Assembly exclusive taxing power; the 15 % import tax is unconstitutional, so the challenge will likely be upheld.

Correct D. Section 112 gives the National Assembly exclusive taxing power; the 15 % import tax is within that competence, so the challenge will likely be dismissed.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 5 View Details

A driver travelling at \(80\ \text{km/h}\) approaches a "Stop" sign that is hidden behind a curve. The sight distance around the curve is only 30 m. The driver's reaction time is 1.5 s and the vehicle can decelerate at a maximum of \(5\ \text{m/s}^2\). Determine whether the driver can bring the vehicle to a complete stop before the sign. If the driver fails to stop, state the statutory penalty (fine and demerit points) for failing to obey a stop sign.

A. No - the required stopping distance is about 65 m, exceeding the 30 m sight distance. The offence attracts a fine of 20,000 Naira and 2 demerit points.

B. No - the required stopping distance is about 83 m, exceeding the 30 m sight distance. The offence attracts a fine of 30,000 Naira and 4 demerit points.

C. Yes - the driver can stop within the 30 m sight distance. The offence would attract a fine of 25,000 Naira and 3 demerit points.

Correct D. No - the required stopping distance is about 83 m, exceeding the 30 m sight distance. The offence attracts a fine of 25,000 Naira and 3 demerit points.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 6 View Details

In a democratic nation with \(2{,}500{,}000\) eligible voters, \(60\%\) turned out for the recent general election and \(40\%\) turned out for the subsequent local council election. Of those who voted in the general election, \(30\%\) also voted in the local election. What percentage of the total eligible voters cast a ballot in at least one of the two elections?

A. 84\%

B. 80\%

C. 88\%

Correct D. 82\%

Correct Answer: D

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Question 7 View Details

The constitution requires a two‑thirds majority in both House A (120 members) and House B (80 members) to pass an amendment, followed by a national referendum in which at least \(50\%\) of registered voters must participate and at least \(60\%\) of those must vote ‘yes'. In the latest proposal, the voting records were:\n\n- House A: 78 votes ‘for', 30 ‘against', 12 abstentions.\n- House B: 48 votes ‘for', 20 ‘against', 12 abstentions.\n- Referendum: 1,200,000 registered voters; 720,000 turned out, of which 432,000 voted ‘yes'.\n\nDid the amendment pass?

A. Yes, the amendment passed because it met the two‑thirds majority in both houses and satisfied the referendum thresholds.

B. Yes, the amendment passed because the referendum yielded sixty percent ‘yes' votes, which overrides the houses' voting results.

C. No, the amendment failed because the referendum turnout was below the required fifty percent of registered voters.

Correct D. No, the amendment failed because it did not achieve the required two‑thirds majority in House A (and also in House B).

Correct Answer: D

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Question 8 View Details

A law prohibits public gatherings of more than 10 persons without police permission. During a peaceful protest, 15 people assembled without permission and the police dispersed the crowd using tear‑gas, injuring three participants. Identify which constitutional human‑rights provisions are violated and state which right offers the strongest legal remedy against the law.

A. The law violates the right to peaceful assembly (Section 40) and the right to life\/personal security (Section 33); the strongest remedy is under Section 33, where the court can order the police to cease use of tear‑gas.

Correct B. The law violates the right to peaceful assembly (Section 40) and the right to life/personal security (Section 33); the strongest remedy is under Section 40, where the court can invalidate the law.

C. The law violates the right to freedom of expression (Section 39) and the right to liberty (Section 34); the strongest remedy is under Section 39, where the court can order compensation.

D. The law violates the right to peaceful assembly (Section 40) and the right to property (Section 31); the strongest remedy is under Section 31, allowing the court to award damages.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 9 View Details

A community dispute‑resolution committee follows a three‑step process: (1) mediation, (2) arbitration, (3) community reconciliation. Historical data shows:\n\n- If mediation succeeds, the dispute is resolved \(85\%\) of the time.\n- If mediation fails but arbitration succeeds, the resolution rate is \(60\%\).\n- If both mediation and arbitration fail, reconciliation succeeds \(30\%\) of the time.\n\nIn a particular case, the probability that mediation will succeed is 0.5, and given mediation fails, the probability that arbitration will succeed is 0.4. What is the overall probability that the dispute will be resolved?

A. 66.5\%

Correct B. 63.5\%

C. 54.5\%

D. 84.5\%

Correct Answer: B

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Question 10 View Details

To be recognised as a ‘model citizen', a person must satisfy three criteria:\n\n(i) have voted in at least two of the last three general elections;\n(ii) have paid at least \(90\%\) of the total tax assessed over the past five years;\n(iii) have completed at least 40 hours of community service each year for the past three years.\n\nMr. A's record is as follows:\n\n- Elections: voted in 2015 and 2020, missed 2018.\n- Tax payments (percentage of assessed amount): 92\%, 88\%, 95\%, 90\%, 94\% for the five consecutive years.\n- Community‑service hours (years 2016-2020): 38, 42, 45, 39, 41.\n\nDoes Mr. A qualify as a model citizen?

A. No, because his total community‑service hours over the past three years are below 120 hours.

Correct B. No, because he failed the community‑service requirement (only 39 hours in 2019).

C. No, because he failed the voting requirement (missed the 2018 election).

D. Yes, because he satisfied all three criteria.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 11 View Details

Explain why the value of tolerance is important for national unity, giving one concrete example of how it can be practiced in everyday life.

A. Tolerance has little impact on unity; e.g., focusing solely on shared economic goals is sufficient for national cohesion.

B. Tolerance leads to cultural homogenization; e.g., encouraging everyone to adopt the same national dress eliminates diversity.

Correct C. Tolerance promotes peaceful coexistence among diverse groups; e.g., respecting a neighbour's different religious practices without discrimination.

D. Tolerance means ignoring differences; e.g., never discussing a neighbour's religious practices to avoid conflict.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 12 View Details

A passage from the national anthem reads: "We stand united, strive for progress, and uphold justice for all." Identify the three constitutional principles that correspond to the words "unity", "progress", and "justice", and briefly explain how each principle reinforces Nigeria's national identity.

A. Unity - Secularism principle; Progress - Industrialization principle; Justice - Human Rights principle. Each principle strengthens national identity by fostering religious tolerance, economic growth, and protection of individual freedoms.

B. Unity - National Integration principle; Progress - Agricultural Development principle; Justice - Anti‑Corruption principle. Each principle strengthens national identity by encouraging cultural cohesion, boosting food security, and ensuring integrity in public office.

Correct C. Unity - Federal Character principle; Progress - Socio‑Economic Development principle; Justice - Rule of Law principle. Each principle strengthens national identity by ensuring inclusive representation, collective advancement, and fair governance.

D. Unity - Patriotic Education principle; Progress - Infrastructure Expansion principle; Justice - Equality before the Law principle. Each principle strengthens national identity by promoting national pride, improving public works, and guaranteeing equal legal treatment.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 13 View Details

On a highway with a speed limit of \(80\) km/h, a driver is recorded traveling at \(120\) km/h. The traffic law imposes a fine of N200 for each kilometre per hour above the limit and adds three demerit points for every ten kilometres per hour over the limit (rounded down to the nearest ten). The driver already has six demerit points from previous offences within the last ten months. Determine (a) the total monetary fine, (b) the total demerit points after this offence, and (c) whether the driver's licence will be suspended, given that accumulation of twelve or more points within twelve months leads to suspension.

A. (a) N6,000 (b) 15 points (c) Yes, the licence will be suspended.

B. (a) N8,000 (b) 12 points (c) No, the licence will not be suspended.

Correct C. (a) N8,000 (b) 18 points (c) Yes, the licence will be suspended.

D. (a) N10,000 (b) 18 points (c) Yes, the licence will be suspended.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 14 View Details

A citizen volunteers to clean the local market every Saturday. Discuss how this activity fulfills the civic duty of service to the community and identify one direct benefit that the community gains from such regular clean‑up efforts.

Correct A. It demonstrates service by improving the common environment; the community benefits from a cleaner, healthier market that attracts more customers.

B. It demonstrates service by providing employment; the community benefits from higher wages for market vendors.

C. It demonstrates service by reducing crime; the community benefits from a safer shopping environment that boosts sales.

D. It demonstrates service by increasing tax revenue; the community benefits from more government funding for infrastructure.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 15 View Details

An official can receive a bribe of N500,000 to award a public contract. The probability of being caught is 0.2, and if caught the official must pay a fine equal to five times the bribe amount. Additionally, awarding the contract brings a promotion valued at N300,000, which is independent of the bribe and is received with certainty. Calculate the expected monetary gain for the official if he accepts the bribe, and state whether accepting the bribe is financially rational.

A. Expected gain = N-200,000; therefore, from a purely monetary standpoint, accepting the bribe is not financially rational.

Correct B. Expected gain = N300,000; therefore, from a purely monetary standpoint, accepting the bribe is financially rational.

C. Expected gain = N800,000; therefore, from a purely monetary standpoint, accepting the bribe is financially rational.

D. Expected gain = N500,000; therefore, from a purely monetary standpoint, accepting the bribe is financially rational.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 16 View Details

In a country, the constitution guarantees the right to peaceful assembly. A municipal by‑law requires a permit for any gathering of more than 20 persons and imposes a fee equal to \\(5\\%\\) of the average monthly income of participants. A survey shows that \\(40\\%\\) of households earn below the minimum wage of \\(\\text{₦}30{,}000\\) per month, and the average monthly income of all households is \\(\\text{₦}45{,}000\\). If a group of 50 people wishes to hold a peaceful protest, determine (a) whether the by‑law is consistent with the rule‑of‑law principle of constitutional supremacy, and (b) the total fee the group would have to pay if the by‑law were applied, assuming each participant pays the fee based on the average monthly income. Provide justification.

A. (a) The by‑law is inconsistent with the constitutional guarantee of peaceful assembly because it infringes on free speech rights. (b) Total fee = ₦2,250.

B. (a) The by‑law is consistent with the constitutional guarantee of peaceful assembly because it merely regulates gatherings, not prohibiting them. (b) Total fee = ₦75,000.

Correct C. (a) The by‑law is inconsistent with the constitutional guarantee of peaceful assembly because it creates an undue financial barrier, violating the principle of constitutional supremacy. (b) Total fee = ₦112,500.

D. (a) The by‑law is consistent with the constitutional guarantee of peaceful assembly as it imposes a reasonable administrative requirement. (b) Total fee = ₦120,000.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 17 View Details

Over the past three years, cult‑related violent incidents recorded by the police were: Year 1 - 120 incidents, Year 2 - 150 incidents, Year 3 - 180 incidents. The government has set a target to reduce the number of incidents by \(40\%\) over the next two years using a combination of awareness programmes and stricter enforcement. Assuming the reduction each year is the same percentage, (a) calculate the annual reduction rate required to meet the target, and (b) discuss whether this rate is realistic given the upward trend in the previous three years.

A. (a) An annual reduction of approximately 18.0 % is required. (b) Considering the previous increases of 25 % and 20 %, a reduction of 18 % per year seems achievable with moderate effort.

Correct B. (a) An annual reduction of approximately 22.5 % is required. (b) Given the past increases of 25 % and 20 %, achieving a steady 22.5 % decline is ambitious and would require very effective interventions.

C. (a) An annual reduction of approximately 25.0 % is required. (b) Although past increases were 25 % and 20 %, a 25 % yearly decline may be possible with aggressive policies, but it remains highly challenging.

D. (a) An annual reduction of approximately 30.0 % is required. (b) Given the past growth rates, a 30 % yearly decline would be extremely difficult and likely unattainable.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 18 View Details

The federal budget for the current fiscal year is \(\text{₦}2.4\) trillion. By law, \(15\%\) of the total budget must be allocated to public services. The country's population is 200 million. (a) Compute the per‑capita allocation for public services. (b) If \(10\%\) of the public‑service allocation is earmarked specifically for health services, determine the amount allocated to health per person.

Correct A. (a) ₦1,800 per person. (b) ₦180 per person for health services.

B. (a) ₦1,800 per person. (b) ₦200 per person for health services.

C. (a) ₦2,400 per person. (b) ₦240 per person for health services.

D. (a) ₦1,500 per person. (b) ₦150 per person for health services.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 19 View Details

In a metropolitan city, solid‑waste generation is distributed as follows: households 60 %, industries 30 %, and other sources 10 %. The total amount of waste produced each year is 500 000 tonnes. A new environmental policy requires each sector to cut its waste output by \(15\%\). Calculate (a) the total amount of waste that will be reduced city‑wide, (b) the new total waste generated after implementation, and (c) which sector contributes the greatest absolute reduction in tonnes.

A. (a) 80 000 tonnes reduced. (b) New total waste = 420 000 tonnes. (c) Other sources sector, with a 7 500‑tonne reduction.

B. (a) 75 000 tonnes reduced. (b) New total waste = 425 000 tonnes. (c) Households sector, with a 40 000‑tonne reduction.

Correct C. (a) 75 000 tonnes reduced. (b) New total waste = 425 000 tonnes. (c) Households sector, with a 45 000‑tonne reduction.

D. (a) 70 000 tonnes reduced. (b) New total waste = 430 000 tonnes. (c) Industries sector, with a 22 500‑tonne reduction.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 20 View Details

A health survey of 10 000 youths (aged 15‑24) found that 800 reported using illicit drugs. Among the drug users, 200 have dropped out of school, while among the 9 200 non‑users, 460 have dropped out. (a) Compute the odds of school dropout for drug users and for non‑users, then calculate the odds ratio. (b) If a rehabilitation programme reduces the prevalence of drug use by \(25\%\) and, among the remaining users, lowers the dropout rate by \(40\%\), estimate the new total number of school dropouts in the surveyed population.

A. (a) Odds of dropout - users: 0.250, non‑users: 0.045; odds ratio ≈ 5.56. (b) After the programme, total dropouts are estimated to be 620 youths.

B. (a) Odds of dropout - users: 0.400, non‑users: 0.060; odds ratio ≈ 6.67. (b) After the programme, total dropouts are estimated to be 540 youths.

C. (a) Odds of dropout - users: 0.300, non‑users: 0.050; odds ratio ≈ 6.00. (b) After the programme, total dropouts are estimated to be 600 youths.

Correct D. (a) Odds of dropout - users: 0.333, non‑users: 0.0526; odds ratio ≈ 6.34. (b) After the programme, total dropouts are estimated to be 580 youths.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 21 View Details

During a national election, the Electoral Commission announced that results would be declared at 6 pm. At 5 pm, the President issued a decree ordering the Commission to postpone the announcement until after a meeting with opposition leaders. Which principle of the rule of law is most directly threatened by this decree, and is the President's action consistent with that principle? Provide the principle and a brief justification.

A. Principle: equality before the law (non-discrimination). The President's action is consistent with this principle.

B. Principle: judicial independence (court autonomy). The President's action is consistent with this principle.

C. Principle: supremacy of the constitution (constitutional supremacy). The President's action is inconsistent with this principle.

Correct D. Principle: separation of powers (institutional independence). The President's action is inconsistent with this principle.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 22 View Details

An activist publishes an article criticizing government policy on land allocation. The government seeks to ban the article, claiming it incites communal violence. Under the Nigerian Constitution, which test must the court apply to decide whether the restriction on freedom of expression is permissible, and what are the two main criteria of that test? State the name of the test and list its criteria.

A. The court must apply the public‑interest limitation test. Its two criteria are: (1) the restriction must be based on a constitutional amendment, and (2) it must be essential for preserving cultural heritage.

B. The court must apply the proportionality test. Its two criteria are: (1) the restriction must be reasonable in scope, and (2) it must further a legitimate government objective such as economic development.

Correct C. The court must apply the reasonable‑restriction (limitation) test. Its two criteria are: (1) the restriction must be prescribed by law, and (2) it must be necessary in a democratic society for the protection of public order, health, morals, or the rights of others.

D. The court must apply the necessity‑test (restriction) test. Its two criteria are: (1) the restriction must be enacted by a legislative body, and (2) it must be the least intrusive means to achieve national security.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 23 View Details

In 2015 a survey showed that \(12\%\) of secondary‑school students had tried cannabis. A national anti‑drug programme launched in 2016 aimed to achieve a \(30\%\) overall reduction in this prevalence by the end of 2018, assuming the same percentage reduction each year. A follow‑up survey in 2018 reported a prevalence of \(8.4\%\).\n\n(a) What constant annual relative reduction rate (to the nearest tenth of a percent) is required to meet the target?\n(b) Based on the observed data, did the programme achieve the required annual reduction rate? Show your calculations.

A. Required constant annual relative reduction ≈ 10.0 % per year. The observed data reflect an average reduction of about 10.0 % per year, so the programme did not achieve the target.

Correct B. Required constant annual relative reduction ≈ 11.2 % per year. The observed data also reflect an average reduction of about 11.2 % per year, so the programme achieved the target.

C. Required constant annual relative reduction ≈ 9.8 % per year. The observed data reflect an average reduction of about 9.8 % per year, so the programme did not achieve the target.

D. Required constant annual relative reduction ≈ 12.5 % per year. The observed data also reflect an average reduction of about 12.5 % per year, so the programme achieved the target.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 24 View Details

A university student is found in possession of a pamphlet that calls for the formation of a secret society to "protect members from university authorities" and provides coded instructions for recruiting members. The university disciplinary committee decides to expel the student. The student challenges the expulsion, arguing that the pamphlet is protected by the constitutional right to freedom of expression. Identify the specific legal provision that the state can rely on to justify the expulsion, and state the essential element that must be proved for that provision to apply.

Correct A. Provision: Section 228 of the Criminal Code (Unlawful societies). Essential element: the organisation must be a secret society whose members are bound by oath or secret signs and are intended to engage in criminal or violent activities.

B. Provision: Section 228 of the Criminal Code (Unlawful societies). Essential element: the organisation must be a secret society whose members are bound by a written constitution and are intended to engage in political advocacy.

C. Provision: Section 229 of the Criminal Code (Unlawful societies). Essential element: the organisation must be a secret society whose members are bound by oath or secret signs and are intended to engage in criminal or violent activities.

D. Provision: Section 227 of the Criminal Code (Unlawful societies). Essential element: the organisation must be a secret society whose members are bound by oath or secret signs, but it is sufficient that they plan any non‑violent illegal activity.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 25 View Details

The federal budget allocates \(\₦150\) billion to education for the year. The country has \(30\) million school‑age children. The government promises to spend at least \(\₦4{,}000\) per child per year. Does the allocated budget meet the promised per‑child spending? Show your calculation and answer "Yes" or "No".

A. No, the budget falls short

B. No - insufficient

Correct C. Yes

D. No

Correct Answer: C

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