Practice gce model questions vol1 government 2023 Past Questions

Question 1 View Details

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) allocates voting power among its members. Suppose the following eight member countries have the indicated percentages of total voting power: Country A (24%), Country B (18%), Country C (15%), Country D (12%), Country E (10%), Country F (8%), Country G (7%), Country H (6%) (the percentages sum to (100%)). What is the smallest number of these countries that together hold at least (85%) of the total voting power?

Correct A. 6

B. 8

C. 5

D. 7

Correct Answer: A

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Question 2 View Details

In a parliamentary election using the D'Hondt method, three parties receive the following percentages of the national vote: Party X (40%), Party Y (35%), Party Z (25%). Ten seats are to be allocated. How many seats does each party obtain?

A. Party X: 4, Party Y: 3, Party Z: 3

B. Party X: 3, Party Y: 5, Party Z: 2

C. Party X: 5, Party Y: 3, Party Z: 2

Correct D. Party X: 4, Party Y: 4, Party Z: 2

Correct Answer: D

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Question 3 View Details

A country's soft‑power index for a given year is defined as \(\displaystyle \text{SPI}= \frac{\text{Cultural exports} + \text{Foreign aid}}{\text{Military expenditure}}\), where all monetary values are expressed in billions of US dollars. For Year 1 the figures are: cultural exports (1.5), foreign aid (0.8), military expenditure (4.0). For Year 2 the figures are: cultural exports (2.2), foreign aid (1.1), military expenditure (5.0). (a) Calculate the SPI for each year. (b) Determine the percentage change in SPI from Year 1 to Year 2, expressed to one decimal place. (c) Is the increase in SPI at least \(20\%\)? Answer "Yes" or "No".

A. Year 1 SPI = 0.575, Year 2 SPI = 0.660, Change = 22.5 %, Yes

B. Year 1 SPI = 0.575, Year 2 SPI = 0.650, Change = 13.0 %, No

Correct C. Year 1 SPI = 0.575, Year 2 SPI = 0.660, Change = 14.8 %, No

D. Year 1 SPI = 0.600, Year 2 SPI = 0.660, Change = 10.0 %, No

Correct Answer: C

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Question 4 View Details

Nigeria has adopted the following constitutions (in years of adoption): 1960 (Independence Constitution), 1963 (Republic Constitution), 1979 (Second Republic Constitution), 1993 (Third Republic Constitution - never fully implemented), and 1999 (Current Constitution). Considering only the constitutions that were actually implemented (i.e., excluding the 1993 Constitution), calculate the average number of years between successive implemented constitutions. Then state whether this average interval is greater than \(15\) years. Provide the average (to the nearest whole year) and answer "Yes" or "No".

A. 12, No

B. 14, No

Correct C. 13, No

D. 15, Yes

Correct Answer: C

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Question 5 View Details

A council has 12 elected members. A motion requires a simple majority of the members present to pass. If 5 members are absent at the meeting, what is the minimum number of votes needed for the motion to be adopted?

A. 2

B. 5

Correct C. 4

D. 3

Correct Answer: C

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Question 6 View Details

The Senate has \(109\) members. To approve a treaty, a simple majority of those present and voting is required, provided at least two‑thirds of the total Senate are present. In a session, \(78\) senators were present. Of those, \(45\) voted in favour, \(30\) against, and \(3\) abstained. Did the treaty get approved?

Correct A. Yes, the treaty was approved.

B. Yes, the treaty was not approved.

C. No, the treaty was approved.

D. No, the treaty was not approved.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 7 View Details

A presidential election is held every four years. If the most recent election took place on 23 February 2023, on which date should the next election be held, assuming the constitutional term is completed without early dissolution?

A. 23 February 2026

B. 24 February 2027

Correct C. 23 February 2027

D. 23 March 2027

Correct Answer: C

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Question 8 View Details

Nigeria adopted new constitutions in the years 1963, 1979, 1993 and 1999. (The 1993 Constitution was never fully implemented, but it is counted as a constitutional document.) Calculate the average interval, in years, between successive constitutions from 1963 to 1999. Then state whether the interval between the 1979 and 1993 constitutions is greater than this average.

A. No, the 1979‑1993 interval (13 years) does not exceed the average interval of 12 years.

B. No, the 1979‑1993 interval (14 years) does not exceed the average interval of 12 years.

C. Yes, the 1979‑1993 interval (14 years) exceeds the average interval of 13 years.

Correct D. Yes, the 1979‑1993 interval (14 years) exceeds the average interval of 12 years.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 9 View Details

In a proportional‑representation election, a party must obtain at least \(5\%\) of the total valid votes to be allocated seats. The total valid votes are \(2{,}500{,}000\). The parties received the following votes: Party A - 120 000, Party B - 200 000, Party C - 130 000, Party D - 90 000, Party E - 300 000, Party F - 1 200 000. Which parties qualify for seats?

A. Parties B, D, E and F

B. Parties B, C and F

Correct C. Parties B, C, E and F

D. Parties A, B, C and F

Correct Answer: C

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Question 10 View Details

The Constitution requires that a minister be a member of the National Assembly, but no more than \(30\%\) of the total ministers may be appointed from the Senate. The President has appointed 12 ministers, of whom 5 are Senators. Does this appointment respect the constitutional limit?

A. No, the appointment meets the constitutional limit.

Correct B. No, the appointment breaches the constitutional limit.

C. Yes, the appointment respects the constitutional limit.

D. Yes, the appointment breaches the constitutional limit.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 11 View Details

An individual is simultaneously charged with treason and files a civil claim for (£250{,}000) against a government department for breach of contract. Under the English legal system, determine (a) the court that will first hear the criminal charge, (b) the court that will first hear the civil claim, and (c) if the defendant appeals the criminal conviction, how many judges will sit on the appellate panel.

Correct A. Crown Court; High Court; 3

B. Crown Court; County Court; 3

C. Crown Court; High Court; 5

D. Magistrates' Court; High Court; 3

Correct Answer: A

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Question 12 View Details

Within the International Monetary Fund, voting power is based on each member's quota. The following quotas apply: Country A (12\%\), Country B (8\%\), Country C (5\%\), Country D (10\%\), Group X (45\%\), Group Y (20\%\). A proposal requires at least (85\%\) of total voting power to pass. Countries A and C support the proposal, while B and D oppose it. Groups X and Y vote as blocs, with Group X supporting and Group Y opposing. (a) Does the proposal pass? (b) If Country D changes its vote to support, does the proposal pass? (c) Assuming Country D supports, what minimum percentage of Group Y must switch to support for the proposal to pass?

Correct A. No; No; 65\%

B. Yes; No; 65\%

C. No; Yes; 65\%

D. No; No; 70\%

Correct Answer: A

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Question 13 View Details

A local council has a total annual budget of £10 million to allocate among three services: Health (H), Education (E) and Infrastructure (I). Minimum allocations are £3 million for Health, £2 million for Education and £1 million for Infrastructure. The council's performance index is \(P = 2\sqrt{H} + 3\sqrt{E} + \sqrt{I}\), where the amounts are in millions of pounds.\n\n(a) Determine the allocation of the £10 million that maximises \(P\) subject to the minimum‑allocation constraints, and compute the maximum value of \(P\).\n(b) The government introduces a policy that raises the mandatory minimum for Health by £0.5 million (so the new minimum is £3.5 million) and, at the same time, increases the weight on Education by 10 % (so the term \(3\sqrt{E}\) becomes \(3.3\sqrt{E}\)). With the same total budget of £10 million, find the new optimal allocation and state whether the maximum performance index is higher, lower or the same as before.

Correct A. Original optimum: H=£3 m, E=£6 m, I=£1 m, P≈11.81. New optimum: H=£3.5 m, E=£5.5 m, I=£1 m, P≈12.48 (higher).

B. Original optimum: H=£3 m, E=£6 m, I=£1 m, P≈11.81. New optimum: H=£4 m, E=£4 m, I=£2 m, P≈12.00 (same).

C. Original optimum: H=£4 m, E=£5 m, I=£1 m, P≈11.90. New optimum: H=£3.5 m, E=£5 m, I=£1.5 m, P≈12.30 (higher).

D. Original optimum: H=£3 m, E=£5 m, I=£2 m, P≈11.70. New optimum: H=£3.5 m, E=£5.5 m, I=£1 m, P≈12.20 (lower).

Correct Answer: A

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Question 14 View Details

A senior judge is appointed following these steps: (i) the Prime Minister selects a candidate, (ii) the Lord Chancellor approves the selection, and (iii) the Monarch formally appoints the judge. Assess whether this appointment process complies with the principle of judicial independence as set out in the UK constitution, and identify any breach.

A. Yes; the involvement of the Prime Minister and Lord Chancellor ensures accountability, not a breach.

B. Yes; the process fully respects judicial independence because the Monarch's appointment is ceremonial.

C. No; the Lord Chancellor's approval is the only political element, but it does not breach independence.

Correct D. No; the Prime Minister's involvement introduces political influence, breaching judicial independence.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 15 View Details

Parliament passes the Education Reform Act, a primary piece of legislation. Shortly afterwards, the Prime Minister issues a statutory instrument, using a prerogative power, that amends a key provision of the Act. Evaluate whether this amendment is constitutionally valid under the doctrine of separation of powers, and explain your reasoning.

A. Yes; the Prime Minister can amend legislation through prerogative powers, making the amendment valid.

B. No; only the Cabinet may amend primary legislation, so the Prime Minister's instrument is invalid.

C. Yes; statutory instruments can always modify Acts of Parliament, regardless of the source of authority.

Correct D. No; only Parliament may amend primary legislation, so the Prime Minister's use of a prerogative statutory instrument is unconstitutional.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 16 View Details

In a constituency there are \(12,000\) eligible voters. Party A receives \(3,600\) votes and Party B receives \(2,400\) votes, while the remaining eligible voters abstain. What is the voter turnout expressed as a percentage?

A. 75%

B. 40%

C. 60%

Correct D. 50%

Correct Answer: D

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Question 17 View Details

A law passed by Parliament is found to conflict with a provision of the Constitution. Which constitutional principle allows the judiciary to invalidate that law, and what is the likely outcome for the law?

A. Doctrine of separation of powers; the law would be sent back to Parliament for amendment.

B. Judicial deference; the law would be upheld as constitutional.

C. Legislative supremacy; the law would remain in force and be applied.

Correct D. Judicial review; the law would be declared unconstitutional and invalid.

Correct Answer: D

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Question 18 View Details

In a system where the executive proposes legislation and the legislature can reject it, which fundamental principle of government is being demonstrated?

A. separation of powers

Correct B. checks and balances

C. federalism

D. rule of law

Correct Answer: B

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Question 19 View Details

A bill must obtain a simple majority in both chambers of Parliament to become law. The House of Representatives has 300 members; 180 vote for the bill, 110 vote against, and 10 abstain. The Senate has 150 members; 70 vote for, 70 vote against, and 10 abstain. Did the bill become law? Explain your reasoning.

A. Yes, the bill became law because it received a simple majority in the House and a tie in the Senate is broken by the Speaker.

Correct B. No, the bill failed because it did not achieve a majority in the Senate.

C. No, the bill failed because the total number of votes in favor across both chambers was less than the total against.

D. No, the bill failed because it did not achieve a majority in the House of Representatives.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 20 View Details

In a 100‑seat parliament Party A holds 40 seats, Party B holds 35 seats and Party C holds 25 seats. What is the smallest coalition (in terms of total seats) that can achieve a simple majority, and which parties form it?

Correct A. Parties B and C (together 60 seats)

B. Parties A and C (together 65 seats)

C. Parties A and B (together 75 seats)

D. Parties A, B, and C (together 100 seats)

Correct Answer: A

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Question 21 View Details

In a legislature, 100 bills are introduced. \(80\%\) pass the first reading, and \(75\%\) of those pass the second reading. Two‑thirds of the bills that pass the second reading are approved by the Senate. Among the Senate‑approved bills, 10 are budgetary bills and the rest are non‑budgetary. Budgetary bills have a \(10\%\) chance of being delayed and not receiving royal assent, whereas all non‑budgetary bills receive royal assent. How many bills become law?

Correct A. 39

B. 38

C. 45

D. 40

Correct Answer: A

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Question 22 View Details

In a parliamentary election, 200 seats are to be allocated proportionally to five parties that received the following percentages of the vote: Party A 41.3 %, Party B 27.8 %, Party C 14.6 %, Party D 9.2 %, Party E 6.5 %. Seats are allocated using the largest‑remainder method (Hare quota). After allocation, what is the minimum number of parties required to form a majority coalition (at least 101 seats), and which specific parties can constitute such a minimal coalition?

A. 2 (Party A and Party C)

Correct B. 2 (Party A and Party B)

C. 2 (Party A and Party D)

D. 2 (Party B and Party C)

Correct Answer: B

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Question 23 View Details

A country has 120 registered pressure groups. \(40\%\) use lobbying, \(35\%\) use public campaigns, and \(25\%\) use litigation. Some groups employ more than one tactic: \(15\%\) use both lobbying and public campaigns, \(10\%\) use both lobbying and litigation, \(8\%\) use both public campaigns and litigation, and \(5\%\) use all three tactics. How many groups use exactly one of the three tactics?

Correct A. 60

B. 55

C. 45

D. 70

Correct Answer: A

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Question 24 View Details

A local government has a total budget of \(\text{₦}200\) million to fund two projects: Project X (infrastructure) and Project Y (social services). The expected monetary benefit per million naira spent is 1.5 for X and 2.0 for Y. Project X requires a minimum fixed cost of \(\text{₦}40\) million to start, and Project Y requires a minimum of \(\text{₦}30\) million. Moreover, no more than 60 % of the total budget may be allocated to a single project. Determine the allocation (in millions of naira) to X and Y that maximises the total expected benefit, and state the maximum benefit obtained.

Correct A. Allocate ₦80 million to X and ₦120 million to Y; maximum benefit = ₦360 million

B. Allocate ₦100 million to X and ₦100 million to Y; maximum benefit = ₦350 million

C. Allocate ₦115 million to X and ₦85 million to Y; maximum benefit = ₦342.5 million

D. Allocate ₦90 million to X and ₦110 million to Y; maximum benefit = ₦355 million

Correct Answer: A

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Question 25 View Details

Two pressure groups, A and B, campaign for stricter environmental regulation. Group A employs lobbying (success rate 25 % per attempt) and public demonstrations (success rate 15 % per attempt). It makes 4 lobbying attempts and 3 public demonstrations. Group B relies solely on litigation, with a success rate of 20 % per case, and makes 5 litigation cases. Assuming the outcomes of all attempts are independent, calculate the probability that each group achieves at least one success (expressed as a percentage to one decimal place). Which group has the higher probability of at least one success?

Correct A. Group A: 80.6 %; Group B: 67.2 %; Group A higher

B. Group A: 82.3 %; Group B: 65.4 %; Group A higher

C. Group A: 78.5 %; Group B: 70.1 %; Group A higher

D. Group A: 75.0 %; Group B: 68.9 %; Group B higher

Correct Answer: A

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