Practice gce model questions vol1 government 2022 Past Questions

Question 1 View Details

Nigeria has had five constitutions. The first constitution was adopted in (1960) and was in force for 3 years. The second constitution was adopted immediately after the first was repealed and lasted until it was repealed in year (y_2). Five years after the second constitution was repealed, the third constitution was adopted. The third constitution was in force for a period equal to the sum of the years the first and second constitutions each were in force. Two years after the third constitution was repealed, the fourth constitution was adopted, which remained in force until the fifth constitution was adopted in (1999). In which year was the third constitution adopted?

A. 1980

Correct B. 1981

C. 1979

D. 1982

Correct Answer: B

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Question 2 View Details

A constitution originally contained 12 chapters. An amendment added 3 new chapters and also split one existing chapter into two separate chapters. How many chapters does the constitution have after the amendment?

A. 18

Correct B. 16

C. 15

D. 14

Correct Answer: B

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Question 3 View Details

A government passes two laws. Law 1 imposes a fine of $\text{₦}10{,}000$ on members of the opposition party who attend public rallies, while members of the ruling party are exempt. Law 2 imposes a uniform tax of 5 % on all citizens' income, but the tax authority collects the tax without giving anyone a hearing beforehand. Which law(s) violate the principle of the rule of law, and which specific principle does each breach?

A. Both laws violate the rule of law; Law 1 breaches due process and Law 2 breaches equality before the law.

Correct B. Both laws violate the rule of law; Law 1 breaches equality before the law and Law 2 breaches due process.

C. Both laws violate the rule of law; Law 1 breaches separation of powers and Law 2 breaches due process.

D. Only Law 1 violates the rule of law; it breaches equality before the law.

Correct Answer: B

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Question 4 View Details

According to the constitution, the president may dissolve parliament after a minimum of 90 days but no later than 180 days following a vote of no confidence. If a vote of no confidence was passed on 12 March 2022 and the president dissolved parliament on the earliest permissible date, on what date was parliament dissolved?

Correct A. 10 June 2022

B. 10 July 2022

C. 9 June 2022

D. 12 June 2022

Correct Answer: A

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Question 5 View Details

In a country that allocates seats in the lower house using the largest‑remainder (Hare) method, there are 73 seats. In the most recent election the parties received the following percentages of the vote: Party A = 40 %, Party B = 30 %, Party C = 20 %, Party D = 10 %. How many seats does each party obtain?

A. A: 28, B: 22, C: 15, D: 8

B. A: 30, B: 22, C: 14, D: 7

C. A: 29, B: 21, C: 16, D: 7

Correct D. A: 29, B: 22, C: 15, D: 7

Correct Answer: D

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Question 6 View Details

A local council had total revenue of ₦120 million in 2021, consisting of central government transfers of ₦70 million, own‑source revenue of ₦30 million and other external grants of ₦20 million. The council introduces a local property tax expected to raise its own‑source revenue by (25%) of the current own‑source amount, while the central government reduces its transfers by (10%) of the original transfer amount. After these changes, does the council's own‑source revenue constitute more than (40%) of its total revenue? State "Yes" or "No" and show the calculation.

Correct A. No

B. Yes

C. Cannot be determined

D. Insufficient information

Correct Answer: A

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Question 7 View Details

In a country's foreign‑policy review, three possible doctrines are considered: Isolationism, Regionalism and Globalism. The review uses three criteria: (i) a relative increase in trade with non‑regional partners of more than (15%), (ii) a reduction in military aid of more than (20%), and (iii) an increase in the number of diplomatic missions abroad of more than 2. Before the policy shift, trade with non‑regional partners accounted for (40%) of total trade, military aid was ₦15 million, and the country maintained 12 diplomatic missions. After the shift, trade with non‑regional partners rises to (48%) of total trade, military aid falls to ₦10 million, and diplomatic missions increase to 15. Which doctrine best describes the new policy? Provide the doctrine name.

A. Protectionism

B. Regionalism

Correct C. Globalism

D. Isolationism

Correct Answer: C

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Question 8 View Details

Using the Laakso‑Taagepera formula $ENP = \frac{1}{\sum p_i^{2}}$, where $p_i$ are the parties' vote shares expressed as decimals, calculate the effective number of parties for an election in which five parties obtain 32 %, 27 %, 18 %, 13 % and 10 % of the vote respectively. Then state whether the party system is "moderately fragmented" (ENP between 3 and 5) or not.

Correct A. 4.26, moderately fragmented

B. 3.87, moderately fragmented

C. 5.12, not fragmented

D. 4.26, not fragmented

Correct Answer: A

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Question 9 View Details

In a 10‑seat constituency the parties received the following votes: Party A = 45 000, Party B = 30 000, Party C = 25 000. Under a First‑Past‑The‑Post system with ten equal single‑member districts, the party with the highest total vote wins all seats. Under a proportional‑representation system using the D'Hondt method, allocate the ten seats. List the number of seats each party obtains under both systems.

A. FPTP: A 9, B 1, C 0; PR (D'Hondt): A 5, B 3, C 2

B. FPTP: A 10, B 0, C 0; PR (D'Hondt): A 6, B 2, C 2

C. FPTP: A 10, B 0, C 0; PR (D'Hondt): A 4, B 4, C 2

Correct D. FPTP: A 10, B 0, C 0; PR (D'Hondt): A 5, B 3, C 2

Correct Answer: D

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Question 10 View Details

Judicial independence is assessed by three indicators, each scored from 0 to 10: security of tenure, financial autonomy and appointment‑procedure transparency. The overall independence index is the average of the three scores. Country X scores 8, 6 and 7 respectively; Country Y scores 6, 9 and 5 respectively. Which country has the higher index and by how many points (to two decimal places)?

A. Country X, higher by 0.66 points

B. Country Y, higher by 0.66 points

C. Country Y, higher by 0.33 points

Correct D. Country X, higher by 0.33 points

Correct Answer: D

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Question 11 View Details

A country has 10 million eligible voters. A voter registration drive adds 500 000 new voters. In the next election, 6.3 million votes are cast. What is the voter turnout percentage (to one decimal place) among the total eligible voters after the registration drive?

A. 50.0

Correct B. 60.0

C. 55.0

D. 63.0

Correct Answer: B

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Question 12 View Details

The UN Security Council consists of 5 permanent members (each with veto power) and 10 non‑permanent members. In a particular resolution, 13 members voted in favour, 1 member voted against, and 1 member abstained. The abstention was cast by a permanent member, and the vote against was cast by a non‑permanent member. Assuming no permanent member voted against (i.e., no veto), what is the minimum number of permanent members that must have voted in favour for the resolution to be adopted?

A. 5

B. 3

C. 2

Correct D. 4

Correct Answer: D

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Question 13 View Details

Three pressure groups A, B and C compete for media coverage in a month. The total number of media mentions is 240. Group A receives twice as many mentions as Group B, and Group C receives 20 mentions fewer than Group A. How many mentions did Group B receive?

Correct A. 52

B. 50

C. 54

D. 48

Correct Answer: A

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Question 14 View Details

In a jurisdiction, a civil case proceeds through three levels: the lower court, the appellate court, and the supreme court. At each level, the probability that the case is dismissed is 0.10, 0.07 and 0.03 respectively, independent of previous outcomes. If a case starts at the lower court, what is the probability that it reaches the supreme court (i.e., is not dismissed at any level)? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to three decimal places.

A. 0.822

Correct B. 0.812

C. 0.792

D. 0.803

Correct Answer: B

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Question 15 View Details

In a parliamentary system, the executive can dissolve the lower house only if a vote of no confidence has passed in that house. The lower house has 650 members. In a recent vote, 320 members voted for no confidence, 300 voted against, and the remaining members abstained. The constitution requires a simple majority of those voting (excluding abstentions) for the motion to pass. Did the motion succeed? If it succeeded, state the minimum number of additional members who would need to change their vote from ‘against' to ‘for' to guarantee the motion's success regardless of abstentions.

A. No; 0

B. Yes; 7

Correct C. Yes; 6

D. Yes; 5

Correct Answer: C

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Question 16 View Details

Country Z uses a party‑list proportional representation system with a 5 % electoral threshold to allocate 10 parliamentary seats. In the most recent election the three parties received the following vote shares: Party A - (40\%), Party B - (35\%), Party C - (25\%). Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method. How many seats does Party B obtain?

A. 5

B. 3

C. 6

Correct D. 4

Correct Answer: D

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Question 17 View Details

Over a three‑year period Country X increased its military aid to Country Y from 2 % to 5 % of its defence budget, while its foreign direct investment (FDI) in Country Z fell from \$500 million to \$300 million. Country Y and Country Z are strategic rivals.\n\n(a) Calculate the percentage change in military aid and in FDI.\n(b) Based on these changes, which foreign‑policy approach best explains Country X's behaviour: (i) balance of power, (ii) economic interdependence, or (iii) isolationism? State the approach.

Correct A. balance of power

B. isolationism

C. liberal internationalism

D. economic interdependence

Correct Answer: A

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Question 18 View Details

Four Nigerian constitutions are considered: the Independence Constitution (1960), the Republic Constitution (1963), the Second Republic Constitution (1979) and the Fourth Republic Constitution (1999). The following statements are known:\n\n1. The 1960 Constitution established a unicameral legislature.\n2. The 1963 Constitution introduced a Senate, but the number of senators per state varied.\n3. The 1979 Constitution created a Senate with exactly two senators for each state, giving equal representation.\n4. The 1999 Constitution retained the Senate structure introduced in 1979.\n\nWhich constitution first introduced a Senate that gave equal representation to each state?

A. 1999 Constitution

B. 1963 Constitution

Correct C. 1979 Constitution

D. 1960 Constitution

Correct Answer: C

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Question 19 View Details

In Country A a law has been passed that allows the government to detain any individual for an indefinite period without trial during a declared emergency. The constitution, however, guarantees the right to a fair trial and habeas corpus. Which core principle of the rule of law is most directly violated by this law?

A. principle of judicial independence

B. principle of equality before the law

Correct C. principle of legality

D. principle of proportionality

Correct Answer: C

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Question 20 View Details

If the executive in a democracy can amend primary legislation unilaterally, without any parliamentary scrutiny or approval, which essential element of the rule of law is being undermined?

A. executive accountability

B. parliamentary sovereignty

C. judicial independence

Correct D. separation of powers

Correct Answer: D

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Question 21 View Details

A local council's current annual revenue is £20 million, of which property tax provides 40 % (£8 million). The other sources are a government grant of £5 million, fees of £3 million and investment income of £4 million. The council aims to raise total revenue by 10 % next year, but the grant is expected to increase by only 2 % and fees by 5 %; investment income will remain unchanged. All the additional revenue required must come from a higher property‑tax rate. (a) What percentage increase in the property‑tax rate is required to meet the target revenue? (b) If the council currently allocates 25 % of its total revenue to waste‑management, how much additional money must be set aside for waste‑management under the new revenue target if the council wishes to allocate 30 % of the new total revenue to that purpose?

A. Property‑tax rate must rise by about 20.0 %; waste‑management needs an extra £1.4 million.

B. Property‑tax rate must rise by about 18.5 %; waste‑management needs an extra £1.2 million.

Correct C. Property‑tax rate must rise by about 21.9 %; waste‑management needs an extra £1.6 million.

D. Property‑tax rate must rise by about 24.3 %; waste‑management needs an extra £2.0 million.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 22 View Details

A legislature has 120 seats. Party A holds 45 seats, Party B 30 seats, Party C 25 seats and there are 20 independent members. A constitutional amendment requires a two‑thirds majority of the total seats, while an ordinary bill needs a simple majority. (a) What is the minimum number of additional seats Party A must secure through agreements with whole parties (not independents) to achieve the two‑thirds majority? (b) For an ordinary bill, what is the minimum total number of parties (including Party A) that must form a coalition, assuming only whole parties can be relied upon, to guarantee a simple majority?

Correct A. Party A needs 35 more seats, which requires both Party B and Party C (2 other parties). For an ordinary bill the smallest coalition is Party A plus one other party, i.e., 2 parties in total.

B. Party A needs 40 more seats, which requires Party B and Party C (2 other parties). For an ordinary bill the smallest coalition is Party A alone, i.e., 1 party in total.

C. Party A needs 30 more seats, which requires both Party B and Party C (2 other parties). For an ordinary bill the smallest coalition is Party A plus two other parties, i.e., 3 parties in total.

D. Party A needs 25 more seats, which requires only Party B (1 other party). For an ordinary bill the smallest coalition is Party A plus one other party, i.e., 2 parties in total.

Correct Answer: A

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Question 23 View Details

In a bicameral parliament, a bill must be passed by both chambers. The House has 200 members and requires a simple majority of members present; the Senate has 80 members and requires a three‑quarter majority of members present for financial bills. For a particular financial bill, 5 House members and 2 Senate members are absent. The House records 110 ‘yes' votes and the Senate records 58 ‘yes' votes. (a) Does the bill pass in each chamber, considering the majorities are based on members present? (b) Assuming the two absent senators become present and vote ‘yes', what is the minimum number of additional ‘yes' votes needed in the Senate to satisfy the three‑quarter requirement?

A. House: passes (110 > 98). Senate: passes (needs 59, has 58). With the two absent senators voting ‘yes', 1 additional ‘yes' vote is sufficient to meet the three‑quarter majority.

B. House: passes (110 > 98). Senate: fails (needs 60, has 58). With the two absent senators voting ‘yes', 2 additional ‘yes' votes are sufficient to meet the three‑quarter majority.

Correct C. House: passes (110 > 98). Senate: fails (needs 59, has 58). With the two absent senators voting ‘yes', 2 additional ‘yes' votes are sufficient to meet the three‑quarter majority.

D. House: fails (110 ≤ 98). Senate: fails (needs 59, has 58). With the two absent senators voting ‘yes', 3 additional ‘yes' votes are needed to meet the three‑quarter majority.

Correct Answer: C

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Question 24 View Details

A public agency is evaluating two 5‑year projects. Project X requires an initial outlay of £4 million and generates an annual benefit of £1.5 million together with an annual operating cost of £0.3 million. Project Y requires an initial outlay of £5 million, an annual benefit of £2 million and an annual operating cost of £0.5 million. Using a discount rate of 8 % per annum, (a) calculate the net present value (NPV) of each project. (b) If the agency's budget allows a maximum of £8 million for initial costs, which combination of projects (none, X only, Y only, or both) yields the highest total NPV while respecting the budget?

A. NPV_X ≈ £0.79 million; NPV_Y ≈ £0.99 million. The budget permits both projects; choosing both yields the highest total NPV (≈ £1.78 million).

B. NPV_X ≈ £0.79 million; NPV_Y ≈ £0.99 million. The budget permits only one project; choosing Project X alone yields the highest total NPV (≈ £0.79 million).

C. NPV_X ≈ £0.70 million; NPV_Y ≈ £1.10 million. The budget permits only one project; choosing Project Y alone yields the highest total NPV (≈ £1.10 million).

Correct D. NPV_X ≈ £0.79 million; NPV_Y ≈ £0.99 million. The budget permits only one project; choosing Project Y alone yields the highest total NPV (≈ £0.99 million).

Correct Answer: D

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Question 25 View Details

In a proportional‑representation election using the D'Hondt method, 10 seats are to be filled. The parties received the following valid votes: Party A - 340 000, Party B - 260 000, Party C - 200 000, Party D - 95 000, Party E - 105 000. (a) Allocate the 10 seats to the parties using the D'Hondt method. (b) If a 10 % electoral threshold (i.e., a party must obtain at least 100 000 votes) is introduced, recalculate the seat allocation. How many seats does Party D lose because of the threshold?

A. Original allocation - A:3, B:2, C:3, D:1, E:1. After applying the 10 % threshold - A:4, B:2, C:3, E:1. Party D loses 1 seat.

Correct B. Original allocation - A:3, B:3, C:2, D:1, E:1. After applying the 10 % threshold - A:4, B:3, C:2, E:1. Party D loses 1 seat.

C. Original allocation - A:4, B:2, C:2, D:1, E:1. After applying the 10 % threshold - A:4, B:3, C:2, E:1. Party D loses 0 seats.

D. Original allocation - A:3, B:3, C:2, D:2, E:0. After applying the 10 % threshold - A:4, B:3, C:2, E:1. Party D loses 2 seats.

Correct Answer: B

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